Ottoman Mosques in Sana'a, Yemen Archeological and Architectural Study

The Ottoman presence in Yemen is divided into two periods, first period from 945 AH until 1045 AH, and then the second from 1289 AH until 1336 AH, Ottomans interested during their presence in Yemen to establish different types of charitable buildings especially, religious buildings, which include mosques, madrassas, and shrines. The aim of interest of Ottomans governors to make significant civilized and architectural renaissance in Yemen, especially Sana'a, with emphasis on establishment mosques to get closer to God and to gain sympathy and love of the people of Yemen. Most of these mosques do the role of the madrassas as documents indicate like mosque of Özdemir, Al-Muradiyya and Al-Bakiriyya therefore, Ottomans are Hanifite Sunni and want by these mosques to facing shite and spread Sunni.In this paper researcher will discuss styles of Ottoman mosques in Sana'a. There are eight mosques, seven dates to the first period of Ottomans in Yemen and only one date to the second period of Ottomans in Yemen.


INTRODUCTION
Ottomans were interested in establishment new Ottomans governors are interested during their stay been damaged, destroyed and ceased to exist ( Table 2). in Yemen to set up various types of charitable buildings The main purpose of construction of these mosques which perpetuate their memory in Yemen especially in the is desire of ottomans governors in Yemen to make closer first period of Ottoman presence in Yemen (945-1045 A.H to God and hope of reward and memorialization, As well / 1538-1635 A.D), where the Ottoman rulers built various as the desire of Ottomans in reaching out to Yemeni types of charitable and religious buildings, which includes people and earn their love, respect and sympathy with mosques, schools, shrines and khangahs and other them [2]. Especially since Yemeni people considered buildings, while in the second Ottoman presence (1289-Ottomans were invaders and occupiers. Therefore 1336A.H / 1872 -1918 A.D) was marked by establishment Ottomans keen to earn a good reputation among Yemeni a lot of service projects and educational schools, people to glorify their memory and also to prove the government buildings and formation of the administrative Ottoman sovereignty to Yemen through establishment of structure of the State of Yemen [1].
buildings bearing their architectural styles. Mosques were more remarkable buildings that One of the most important reasons for interesting of Ottomans are interested in, the number of remaining Ottomans in religious architecture is that these mosques Mosques constructed during the period of the first do the role of madrassas As stated in the documents, they Ottoman presence, about eight mosques and only one used to spread the Hanifite Sunni and the eliminate the mosque constructed during the second Ottoman presence Zaydi Shiite [3]. It is known that the Ottoman Empire in (Table 1), Ottoman Mosques have occupied the supreme Yemen go hand in hand with the state of Zaydi imams place among buildings that ottomans were keen to which take Sa'dah in north of Yemen base of its rule. establish especially in Sana'a Both in its large numbers, These mosques -madrassas have allocatedmany the beauty of its decoration and diversity of its     [4]. One of his remarkable that he ruled. It was estimated number of mosques that buildings in Sana'ais Al-Bakiriyya Mosque and built bySinan pashaat least 40 mosques in Egypt, Yemen, madrassa (1005 AH / 1597 AD) Which was Levant and Turkey [5]. established in memory of his master Bakir Agha and Sinan has a great role ininteresting and maintainingof this mosque is one of the masterpieces of the Ottomans these mosques, he ordered to put a book collects in YemenWhich reflect the greatness of Ottomans in Waqfs of mosques of Sana'a to keep them from looting, Yemen.
this book is known as Sinan Draft [6] saved in the dome Also The Ottoman governor Sinan Pasha, who was in the center of The Great Mosque of Sana'a built by minister of Hassan Pasha before the inauguration of the Sinan pasha (1016 A.H -1607 A.D), this dome called Dome rule of Yemen for three periods (1013 -1016 AH/1605-1608 of the Oil (Fig. 3-4).

D) and Preoccupation
It has been related to communities of Construction with wars and conflicts. As well as some of Ottomans and arts major impact in continuation of the local governors in Yemen were infamous and notorious for Yemeni-style, where those communities have not looting and injustice, corruption and they went away abandoned their old ways and character of from the construction and reconstruction [7]. architectural heritage, they have maintained in view Ottoman policy of the so-called philosophy of of the circumstances permitted by age and potential Ottoman rule, which is to keep the situation as it is, [9].

Styles of Ottomans Mosques in Yemen [11]:
Most of Ottoman mosques constructed in Sana'a wereformed in its general shape and plan at newcomer Ottoman-style, but it builtbyYemeni hands, Therefore localYemeni influences remained in their architectural and decorative elements. And with him we can say that the newcomer Ottomanstyle was unable to impose his control and overcomethe local Yemeni -style.