Population And Diversity Of Phytoplankton On Ramadan In Situ Gintung Lake, South Tangerang, Banten Province, Indonesia

Changes in the social behavior of Moslems before, during and after Ramadan may impact on lake ecosystems. The aim of this study was to investigate temporal variation in the phytoplankton community of Situ Gintung lake, South Tangerang, Banten Province before, during and after of Ramadan periods 2015. Community composition, abundance, diversity (Shannon-Wiener index H'), dominance (D) and evenness (J) were measured for phytoplankton assemblages. Phytoplankton belonging to 7 divisions and 64 species were found. Phytoplankton belonging to 7 divisions and 64 species were found. The abundance, diversity and evenness indices of phytoplankton showed no significant temporal variation except dominance index.


Introduction
Lake ecosystems have been used as waste disposal sites, commonly receiving domestic and factory sewage (Chen et al., 2016). Increased social activities community around the lake can lead to eutrophication, contamination of water, species invasion, genetic changes (Brönmark & Hansson, 2002), algae blooms (Duan et al., 2009), public health issue (Zhang et al., 2009) and Coliform total (Wardhana et al., 2017). One of the changes in social activities occurs in the before, during and after Ramadan periods.
The month of Ramadan is fasting time for the Moslem population with its specific requirement that is they be intelligent and mature (Al-Qurthubi, 1995). The condition before, during and after of Ramadan periods was changing the society behavior in the Moslem majority country such as Egypt (Afifi, 1997), Indonesia and Malaysia (Ra, 2016). Social behavior, consumption (Kadri et al., 2000) and economic activities in general change (Ra, 2016) with trash increasing during Ramadan (Wardiha et al., 2014), which may in turn negatively affect freshwater (Wardhana et al., 2017).
Diversity index and community structure have been used as an indicator to measure of pollution level in the lake ecosystem. Diversity index is being used for ecologists to measure diversity in aquatic ecosystems (Washington, 1984). Diversity of phytoplankton are used to measure the pollution level of waters lake which is affected by water temperature (Shanthala et al., 2009), oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus (Napiórkowska-Krzebietke, 2009), brightness, depth, wind speed, solar radiation, precipitation (da Costa & Dantas 2011), eutrophication (Carvalho et al., 2013) in the lake ecosystem. The long-term study on the lake ecosystem (Borics et al., 2014) and phytoplankton diversity index can be used for assessment of water quality (Carvalho et al., 2013).
The diversity of phytoplankton in the lake ecosystem has been reported of the previous studies (Napiórkowska-Krzebietke, 2009;Shanthala et al., 2009;da Costa & Dantas 2011;Carvalho et al., 2013;Borics et al., 2014), including of Situ Gintung lake (Kristiana, 2003). However, phytoplankton assemblages in Situ Gintung lake before, during and after Ramadan periods have not been reported. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate temporal variation in the phytoplankton community 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area
The study was conducted in Situ Gintung lake, South Tangerang city, Banten Province, Indonesia ( Figure 1). Samples were taken before (May-Jun), during (Jun-Jul) and after (Jul-August) Ramadan periods 2015, all within the dry season with a monthly average air temperature of 30-34 °C and precipitation 0-87 mm (http://www.accuweather.com).

Sampling procedures
The sampling of phytoplankton and measurement of chemical and physical variables were conducted on the surface water (0 meter) at 5 stations (stations 1 and 5: inlet, station 3: outlet, station 2: near the village, station 4: near the farm). The sampling and measurement of variables were conducted on 3 weekly occasions (W1, W2 and W3) in every month on before, during and after Ramadan periods.

Data analysis
Phytoplankton composition, abundance, diversity (Shannon-Wiener index, H'), dominance (D) and evenness (J') were measured, following Brower et al. (1990). ANOVA (Duncan test) was used to test the differences in population/community measures before, during and after Ramadan (SPSS IBM version 21).
Phytoplankton composition, abundance, diversity (Shannon-Wiener index, H'), dominance (D) and evenness (J') were measured, following Brower et al. (1990). ANOVA (Duncan test) was used to test the differences in population/community measures before, during and after Ramadan (SPSS IBM version 21).

Population of Phytoplankton
A total of 64 species belonging to 7 divisions were recorded in the present study ( Table 1). The highest number of species (28) were Chlorophyta, followed by Bacillariophyta (15), Cyanophyta (12), Euglenophyta (5), Cryptophyta (3), Chrysophyta (1) and Dinophyta (1).The result of SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the protein bands with TCA precipitation were more appeared than without precipitation ( Figure 1). The profile of variety Dering-1 protein also indicated that there were 10 bands with TCA precipitation and only 7 bands without precipitation. However, on the protein without precipitation indicates the induced a new protein in drought stress conditions.
The number of divisions and of individuals of phytoplankton in Situ Gintung before, during and after the Ramadan are shown in Figure 2 and 3. These did not show significant temporal variation (ANOVA, p > 0.05). Phytoplankton of Situ Gintung had value of 4 and 6, 4 and 5, and 5 and 6 divisions in before, during and after the Ramadan, respectively ( Fig. 2; ANOVA, p > 0.296). Divisions of Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, and Bacillariophyta are dominant in the before, during and after Ramadan periods ( Fig. 3 Fig. 3a-c). The average of individuals in all periods were the lowest value of 14413 ind/L and the highest of 28380 ind/L (Fig. 3d).

Phytoplankton Indices
The relative abundances of phytoplankton of Situ Gintung are shown in Figure 4. Richness, diversity, and evenness of phytoplankton on those periods were similar. Before Ramadan, the richness and diversity of phytoplankton at station 2 were higher than at stations 3, 4, 1 and 5, while dominance was the opposite and evenness at station 5 was more pronounced than at stations 1, 4, 3 and 2, respectively ( Figure 4a). Phytoplankton richness and diversity during Ramadan were higher at station 4 than at station 2, 3, 1 and 5, whereas dominance was the inverse and evenness was greater at station 3 than at 2, 5, 1 and 4 ( Figure 4b). After Ramadan, the phytoplankton community was different between richness, diversity and evenness at station 5 is higher than stations 3, 1, 2 and 4 ( Figure 4c).
Diversity, dominance, and evenness of phytoplankton in Situ Gintung are shown in Table 2. The diversity index was not significantly different across months and stations (ANOVA, p > 0.948). Before and after of Ramadan, the highest diversity value of 1.24 occurred at station 5 and the lowest (0.89) at station 2 during Ramadan. There was not significant different (ANOVA, p > 0.740) variation in dominance index of those periods, where after Ramadan the highest value of 0.26 and the lowest value of 0.8 those periods. The evenness index of those periods there is no significant different (ANOVA, p > 0.841) where the highest index value of 0.86 and the lowest of 0.67 on during Ramadan.

Discussion
The total of phytoplankton population and divisions was different from the previous study conductedin March until May 2002 in Situ Gintung which found only 2 divisions i.e. Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta (Kristiana, 2003) while the present study found 7 divisions. The results suggested that the lake condition has secondary succession, which caused by dam damage in 2009 or disturbances such as changes in temperature cause the number of phytoplankton populations increase. Climate change, water temperature, limit of light, high salinity and nutrient as a factor succession of phytoplankton in the lake. Furthermore, the disturbed lake ecosystem has the species richness lower than compared to undisturbed (Padisak, 1993).
Chlorophyta was showed by a large number of species, where the 14 of species absent and present in those periods (Table 1). The species of Actinastrum sp., Chlorella sp., Monoraphidium sp., Pandorina morum, Selenastrum sp. and Sphaerocystis sp. were dominated in those periods. The results of previous studies showed the Actinastrum sp., Chlorella sp., Selenastrum sp. and Sphaerocystis sp. found all months, low and high of water transparency, temperature, TN, TP and DO (Tian et al., 2013). Monoraphidium sp. abundant in the eutrophic lakes (Bellinger & Sigee, 2015) and Pandorinamorum were found in summer, autumn (Çelekli et al., 2007) and spring (Sevindik, 2010). Chlorophyta found in the dry season, correlated with the transparency (Çelik & Ongun, 2007), pH, high of nitrite (Sulastri, 2011) and increase the temperature to 39 °C (Shanthala et al., 2009). The previous study showed that the temperature is an important variable for the Chlorophyta (Kagalou et al., 2003).
Bacillariophyta found the 5 of species, where 10 of species were not found in those periods. The species of Actinocyclus sp., Coconeispedicula, Diatoma sp., Diploneis sp. and Nitzschia acicularis were dominated in those periods ( Table 1). The results of previous studies showed Coconeis pedicula and Diatoma sp. were found in summer (Thakur et al., 2013) and Actinocyclus sp., Diploneis sp. and Nitzschia acicularis were found in winter (Sevindik, 2010), water temperature (Tian et al., 2013), pH and BOD5 (Thakur et al., 2013) low and high value.
Cryptophyta species found in those periods were Cryptomonas sp. and Haematococcus sp. (Table 1). The previous studies showed Cryptomonas sp. was found every month (Shanthala et al., 2009), winter (Sevindik, 2010) and summer (Thakur et al., 2013). Haematococcus sp. found small water bodies (Bellinger & Sigee, 2015) and this study we found water temperature was high. The division of Cryptophyta found in the summer, winter, spring, autumn, and correlation with transparency (Wu et al., 2013), associated with phosphorus, nitrogen, nitrate total (Fisher et al., 2013), and the average depth of less than 1 m (Wu et al., 2013).
The richness, diversity, evenness, and dominance indices of phytoplankton were influenced by chemical and physical variables. Phytoplankton dominance was found in Situ Gintung is Cyanophyta (Figure 2) were suggested to be influenced by chemical and physical variables. Results of previous studies showed the high of pH causes the abundance of Cyanophyta (order Chroococcales and Nostocales) become dominant and low diversity (López-Archilla et al., 2004). Furthermore, the abundance of phytoplankton was influenced by the high nutrient inputs from human activities around the lake (Çelik & Ongun, 2007) and seasons (Shams et al., 2012;Tian et al., 2013;Mohebbi et al., 2016).
Diversity phytoplankton in Situ Gintung was ranged from low to high. The previous studies showed in the Nansi lake with the value of diversity phytoplankton are 3.29 to 5.21 and the value of evenness are 0.68 to 0.90 (Çelik & Ongun, 2007). In addition, in the Shimoga lake, India with the value of range diversity from 1.4 to 1.7 and dominant value of 0.95 to 0.98 (Shanthala et al., 2009). Diversity phytoplankton of low were influenced by pH (López-Archilla et al., 2004), high of pollution (Shanthala et al., 2009), water temperature (Çelik & Ongun, 2007;Schabhüttlet al., 2013) and seasons (Shams et al., 2012), whereas high diversity were influenced by high of total nitrogen and phosphorus (Çelik & Ongun, 2007).
The dominance value of phytoplankton in Situ Gintung close to 1, this categorized as low value. Evenness value of phytoplankton close to 1 in all stations and before, during and after Ramadan periods, it is indicated that the phytoplankton were evenness. The value of dominance and evenness of species close to 1 were a good category (Brower et al., 1990). The dominance of phytoplankton influenced by season (Çelik & Ongun, 2007) and high of pollution (Shanthala et al., 2009). Phytoplankton species predominate in aquatic ecosystems effect the distribution uneven (Motwani et al., 2014). Diversity index of phytoplankton can elucidate the condition of lake ecosystem, the value of 0 to 0.5 indicates a low diversity and the value of 0.5 to 1 is high (Shanthala et al., 2009).
Proteins on the molecular weight 24,6 kDa were expected induced by the genes responsive to drought stress conditions. Shinozaki and Shinozaki (1997), the expression of certain genes is influenced by a number of reaction of a number of genes that can be active (on) or inactive (off) because the time and the environment.

Conclusion
Phytoplankton community on before, during and after Ramadan periods of Situ Gintung lake were shown not significant differences. Our result indicates that the changes of activity and human behavior on those periods did not influence the phytoplankton community. But, the previous studies showed, before, during and after Ramadan periods have been influenced by social activity (Wardhana et al., 2017).

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr.