INFLUENCE OF CONFLICT ON MIGRATION AT MOLUCCAS PROVINCE

Abstraksi Konflik antara komunitas islam dan Kristen di propinsi Maluku menyebabkan lebih dari sepertiga populasi penduduknya atau 2,1 juta orang menjadi IDP (pengungsi) serta mengalami kemiskinan dan penderitaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti proses, dampak dan masalah yang dihadapi para IDP. Hasil analisis kualitatif deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa proses migrasi IDP ditentukan oleh tingkat intensitas konflik dan lebih marginal pada lokasi IDP. Disamping itu terlampau banyak masalah yang timbul dalam mengatasi IDP baik internal maupun eksternal. Kata kunci: konflik komunitas, Maluku.

The phenomena of population move as the result of conflict among communities is a problem faced by development, due to population mobility caused by conflict occurs in a huge quantity where this population is categorized as IDP with protection and safety as the reason.The condition is different if migration is performed with economic motive, this means that they have calculate cost and benefit from the purposes of making migration.Since 1970s, there are many population mobility that are performed with impelled manner (Petterson, W, 1996), the example is Africa where due to politic, economic and social condition the individual in the continent have no opportunity to calculate the benefit.While in Indonesia the reform IDP is very high due to conflict between community as the symbol of religion and ethnic.This, of course, contrast with the symbol of Indonesian, namely "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika", different but one soul, this condition can be seen from 683 multiethnic and there are 5 religions in Indonesia.In fact, if the differences are not managed, the conflict will appear, and this condition will end on open conflict.
The difference at Moluccas is respected from past, where people life in the symbol of "orang basudara" that means all people respect with religious tolerance, but the condition disappear by the conflict between communities (Moslem and Christian) in 1999 that has negative influence to the life of the society.This human tragedy, referring to Malik Iksan, Psychology Lecturer of Open University, is the biggest tragedy in Indonesian history where only in two years the sacrifices is 9000 people (Aditjondro 2002.).Beside that, economic development decreases due to the damage of all infrastructures so that the economic growth of Moluccas is minus 27% on 2000-2004(DPRD of Moluccas, 2007).The IDPs are 248,450 thousands people, or about 48,894 household since conflict on 19 January 1999 to October 2000.And the most IDPs is in Ambon City.Up to 2009, the process in handling IDPs is still the problem of development where: Process of handling performed by government is too slow (Holle, 2004), the data is marked up in term of IDPs amount in every year or there are many fictive data, corruption of IDPs fund (IDPs Coalition, 2004), this all make the problem is more complicated.This study will be important to understand the problem faced in the process of handling..There are some basic reasons, namely 1) if the problem in processing IDPs is not solved immediately will result in demonstration performed by IDP. 2) the demonstration result in anarchic attitude, 3) there are 33,106 households have get assistance (BBR) and there are 15,788 household do not receive assistance, 4) the tackling of IDPs is slow, this condition reveals "asymmetric information" for the markup of IDPs amount and the condition is increasingly difficult to be solved.
The purpose of this research is to describe the process in solving problem of IDP at Moluccas, so the weakness and strength will be known, as the basis to get solution.
The objectives of this research are indentifying the migration process of IDP as the result of conflict, recognizing the effect of migration of IDP at the location of IDP and understanding the factors disturbing the effort of handling IDPs.
Theory used in this research are: conflict theory, and theory of migration Conflict theory: that raised by David Bloomfield and Ben Reilly after the research and depth of the horizontal top of the various conflicts that occurred third world countries concluded the two strong elements that are often join and become a prolonged conflict.The first element is the identity of the mobilization of people in groups of communal identity based on race, religious culture, language and so on.Both are elements of how to divide the distribution of economic resources, social politics in a society.
Theory is more focused on the migration process and the opportunity, the less foreign intervention and pressure group or personal.(Suparlan, 1999).
Bruner's research results in Suparlan, explains that the conflict that occurred in Maluku, as well as several areas in Indonesia such as Ternate and more Posso because "the competitive market opportunities.Research by Tumanggor explains that the conflict in Moluccas is caused by dissatisfaction among the cross-race, religion, bureaucracy, security in the control of assets and employment.From this study, the condition that caused the migration to the IDP category Associated with the migration of social experts always ask why people migrate according to Wilkinson (1973) is the process to sustain life viewed from a broader context, namely the aspect of economic, social, cultural, political, security.

Approach
This research aims in understanding the influence, process and obstacle in handling IDPs, therefore the context of the analysis is more viewed in sources and documents of post-conflict and the process in handling IDP of Moluccas.
Qualitative-descriptive approach is utilized in this research in order to reveal the phenomena why the process of handling the refugee is very slow.

Migration Process Of IDPs at Moluccas
The basic questions in investigating the mobility of population is: What is the reason of people when making decision to migrate?Related with such question, social experts see the mobility of population from the viewpoint of process to maintain their life (Wilkinson:1973;Broek, Julien Van den:1996).The The effect of internal migration for short term is not good for peacefull and security, because the power of refugee will be concentrated on certain location, the inhabitants who are not refugee are also affected by the conflict.
IDPs will move more than once if the conflicts are broader.This condition is not The emigration from Buru Regency to Ambon makes the Ambon City to be dense, camps are also difficult to found.The concentration is still at Ambon City, this condition make the fourth conflict at Ambon at April -August 2000.But the fourth conflict is not expanding to the other locations Conflict is only found at some villages.
The study showed that although the conflict is in sporadic manner, but the flow of migration can be known, even the effort to markup the data of IDP is easily known from development agency.Yet until 2008, the Moluccas government still has debate about data, so the handling of IDPs is disturbed.

Influence of IDP Migration
The migration with non-economic motive, such as IDP migration because perforce condition in fact causes suffering (Petterson, W, 1996;Adriana V, 2006;Pudjiastuti Tri Nuke, 2002).
Almost all migrants with the category of IDP feel the same thing where their life is like without value, economic, social, and cultural gaps; discrimination; physical and psychological harshness; sexual harassment (Adriana V, 2006;Mambo, 2009;Yunus M, 2004).
Writer tries to see the influence of IDP Migration, at the IDPs location of Moluccas, where from some source we know that: 1.At the IDP location there are increase of population amount (due to immigration) The increase of population amount results in the increase of strength.A father at Suli Village ravishes his daughter at IDPs camp, due to the inappropriate camp condition make the hardness is possible.(Soselisa, 2006in Adriana V, 2006).
3. There are discrimination to IDP children at the location of IDP at Moluccas in the process of education.Generally, the discrimination is related with their status as the IDP, from inability to finance education, up to physical and physical hardness done by teacher, if it is not concerned the children can be the sacrifice of hardness in their life, due to formal education institution have made gap between IDP children and non-IDP children.The IDP has the same rights with non-IDP society.To anticipate the economic problem, the children must work to help their parents.

Discrimination occurs in term of intimidation to IDP children, threat and prohibition to join the school if they late in paying school expense or book expense.
There are much IDPs who are not pay school expense for 2-6 months.They should help their parents to sell food, washing car, or sell white coupon (lottery coupon).(Tualeka, 2005) This condition makes the IDPs feel discomfort to live at the IDP location.
This grievance is recorded from the result of assessment performed by Institue for Human Resource Study and Development of Moluccas ( 2004), through the program of capacity building for IDPs.

Grievance of Ms Ima (IDPs): They always called by the non-IDP society with the humiliation words such as "pengungsi lai balagu lai" (no prestige for IDP).
There are symbols that are always discriminating IDP, as if they are not proper to be human being, the more and more marginalized.Insult words or negative symbols labeled to IDP are the main factor affecting the appearance of new conflict at the location of migration.
4. At the location of IDPs, the amount of food, drug and nutrient is lack.This condition is almost similar at refuge location such as Sambas, Moluccas, Aceh and the other conflict areas (Sangadji, 2004).Usually, the lack of drug, food, and the lack of nutrient is experienced by IDP in the time of post-conflict where there are communities that are need help, where the stock is limited.6.At the location of IDP there are jealousy between non IDP and IDP population, the reason of the jealousy is that not only the IDP population that are affected by conflict but also the IDP population.7.With the basis of the consideration, some international institutions such as UNDP also works together with some international NGO such as MCI, ICMC distribute fund to the population that are not IDP, (UNDP, 2002).The limitation of space is caused by communities that are segregated at Ambon City (post conflict) Year 2001-2008 the process of IDP at their regency.While some area at regency-city with minority amount of population, they do not want to come back, but they want to "realocated".8.There are many girls to be sacrifice of wooing of army.At 2004, about 150 girls are pregnant by the army, and they are leaved with their condition (Soselisa, 2004in Adriana V, 2006).This condition appears negative stigma to them: The armies go home with back pack in their back, leaving Moluccas Women with back pack in front (pregnant).. (Yunus, 2004).
From some findings above, the influence of Migration by IDP obviously supports the study performed by Petterson W (1996) describing that the migration with category IDP does not make better and make the people at the refuge location sufferer and sufferer.

The Obstacling Factor in Handling IDP at Mollucas
The persen households are headed by women, while the average of poverty line of the IDP is about 44-66 persen.This condition shows that IDP should be understood appropriately so that their need is not only for the aspect of return to origin area but the programs should be directed appropriately.This condition is also bad for IDP through the coalition of IDP (Patiwaelapia, 2007).Essentially, the return and replacement of IDP still be disturbed by some obstacles should understood agreeing with situation and condition of each area.The result of field visit by Bakornas OCHA to Moluccas at 2003 found that the obstacles in returning the IDP is related with economic and life opportunities.The findings are follow: The amount of IDP has land certification, but not the other.The land of community that are IDP usually resided by the IDP from the other village, this condition also make the condition more complicated.Until now, the government have not handled the cases in such complicated condition 3 Identification and Obtaining Field If IDP wants to be relocated, they should prepare their field where the cost should be burdened by them.Then, the government will build houses at the field.In fact, the IDP has no enough money to buy field.4 There are no enough workplace at relocation area The IDP working as the labor at port at Ambon City does not want to be relocated to the area distant with the port.Not all IDP can be farmer or working as farmer.The government gives response by mapping the job of IDP societies and looking for the possibility to provide vocational training, if needed.5 Dissatisfaction with the size of house to be built.
General Work Bureau only provide Type 21 house, where this house is too small for the IDP.Some IDPs do not know the size of house that will be built for them, although the agree.The work of building house is facilitated by Social Bureay providing BBR Helping, as well as Workforce and Transmigration Bureau, although not entirely.
6 There are no clear information about available alternative for IDPs Some IDPs know about information that the other IDPs has received the fund of enforcement, but the information is wrong.In fact, the coordinators of IDPs contact some coordinators of IDPs contact government unit, but their claim is not through the right channel 7 Fund Limitation IDPs emigrating from Moluccas are waiting for the opportunity to go home.Although the transportation will be handled by each region where the IDPs migrating, the other costs should be paid by the origin area, namely Moluccas Province.The understanding about strategy in working for life of IDPs at migration area is still lack, especially about program need to be performed based on the skill of IDPs as well as the cohesiveness between program and the dynamic of peaceful and conflict.Source : Bakornas PBP and Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), 2003 in Nick Maudsley dkk, 2005.
Information about obstacle of IDPs is very important to be understood in order that all parties or development agent will accelerate the process of handling.The prosperity of IDPs at Table 4, the highest poverty level is in Southeast Moluccas Regency.The change of IDPs income is still minus, it means that the income received is not enough to support their prosperity.It is very basic that the process of economic recovery cannot be done in short term because almost 700 thousands is the IDPs (ICG, 2002).

The obstacles of Goverment in handling IDPs
The government of Moluccas has the targets that IDPs of Moluccas will be Referring to Assistant II of Local Secretary of Moluccas Province, it is not difficult to distinguish between IDP and non IDP, but it is not easy to avoid the person claiming as the IDPs.

Abuse of IDPs Assistance:
 Corruption by contractors (implementing development IDPs) : From the result of meeting performed by the Local Assembly (DPRD) it is found some abuse done by PT Bernama Lestari and PT Sari Jaya, namely: The making of houses is not agree with technical direction of Moluccas Governor, the remaining money of IDP is not given, the workers are not paid, praying houses are not built, fictive report about some house of IDP has been built, this condition results in the loss for country as well as 2,212 IDPs at Moluccas (Portal Nasional, 2009) Handling of IDP is more in projects that are not programmed.
How if the abuse is done by the apparatus of government that are not directly compromising with the contractor will result in some programs of IDP are given to the other affairs that are not related with the interest of IDP.It is clear that the IDP are always exploited.Therefore, it is normal that if the law implemented appropriately, not only the former of leaders of social agencies and the former ofleaders health agencies that are jailed, but also the other government officials.
Based on the study is known that the level of fault of society is obviously very small if compared with the fault done by the government person with the group of development executor, and has make loss in the large amount to the country.
In order to solve the problem of refugee at Moluccas, awareness and wish of all parties are obviously needed.Therefore, government institutions should effective in term of structure, norm, regulation and sanction.To achieve the better condition, government and all component of society should honest, fair, and trusted.If this good condition is not achieved, the problems related with IDP will always be obstacle and this condition indicates that the government has no ability to perform development process.

CONCLUSION
The increase of Migration Flow by IDP is obviously affected by the long and continuously conflict, therefore results in the alteration of population composition at regency-city of Moluccas Province.By understanding the change of composition will help in understanding the amount of IDPs that make emigration and immigration from and to Moluccas.It means that it is easy to understand the amount and distribution of IDP, and there are no reasons to mark up data, or make fictive data, therefore disturbing the process in handling IDPs.
The effect felt by IDP is in the aspect of their life, where they are suffering due to this condition.Religion has been the means to provoke societies.There are no glories for both Moslem and Christian community, only misery.
The correction of the system as the central point in term of policy, rule, system, and sanction should be prioritized by government therefore the hope of IDP will be able to be satisfied.Beside of that, enforcement is obviously needed therefore the IDPs will have capability when return to their home or when relocated.
Society at two communities (Moslem or Christian) especially Ambon City is living separately.The Moslem where before live on Christian communities should leave their house and move to the location where the majority is Moslem.The mobility is performed in two forms, first in the form of mobility among regency or city at Moluccas that results in the alteration in the composition of population, economic and social consequences at each cities at Moluccas Province, secondly mobility of IDPs out Moluccas.IDPs face to many difficulty at the IDP location: clean fresh water, food, and appropriate house (IDPs Coalition, 2004) drugs, negative stigma to the IDPs, discrimination, psychological hardness by military persons (Adriana 2006), education and so on.Although some efforts has been performed by government, NGO or religious institutions through the interventions either in emergency, recovery or empowerment.But until 2009 the IDPs at Moluccas are still 15,788 households, both on the IDPs location (IDPs Camp) and the other place at Moluccas (Patiwaelapia, 2007).
fight between Christian and Moslem communities in broader conflict.This condition ends on the first conflict at January-March 1999 resulting in migration flow out from Moluccas in 100,000 people, while 20,000 people migrate in Moluccas Province (Margawati and Toni).The process of migration of IDPs internally (in and out between regency and city in Moluccas) is drawn in Figure1.
condition of Moluccas has normal again since October 2000, but about 9 years, the process of handling the IDP is still difficult.Referring to Nick Maudsley et.al (2005) the reposition of IDP is very difficult.The survey performed by World Food Programme performed at 2002 gives more detail description about status and need of IDP at Moluccas, for example about 10-15 handled until the end of 2003, but up to 2009 the IDPs are still on IDPs camps.What are the obstacles?From some report documents, the writer news compiles the follow: 1.The data of IDP owned by government often change: For example in 2004, the amount of IDPs at Molucas is only 15,788 households, this number change and increase to be 19,549 household in 2005, and in 2006 also change to be 3,850 household.Therefore, the deadline in handling IDPs that are determined by government is always changing and longer (Tuni Azis in Populi, 2006).The policy of government in handling the condition is: 1) Making compilation by re-obtaining data of regency-city, 2) Making code in handling house, for example: IDPs that are have received assistance, given red color code and given 1 week of time to leave the camp, blue color means that the IDPs recently receive assistance and given two months of time to exit from the camp, and yellow color means the person are IDPs.For example the case of 22 families at the camp of THR that are not honest, they claim that they are IDPs.

Table 1 The amount of IDP at Regency-City of Moluccas Provinces.
The amount of Margawati and Toni )in the second conflict of July-November 1999.The conflict in this month is wider that are not only occur in Ambon City, but also North Moluccas.This condition can be seen by the addition of camps for IDPs at the both communities.The location of IDPs at Ambon City is 121 sites for Moslem and 123 sites for Christian(Yunus, 2004 ;Margawati and Toni ).Migration flow from North Moluccas Regency is 38,607 people (internal in and out migration) while 1,300 people migrating from Moluccas to South Celebes and Manado City.The third stage of conflict occurs at December 1999 -January 2000.Sporadically this condition expands to Central Molucas Regency and Buru.
Ficure 1. Mixing : Majority dan Minority In the Moluccas Province

Table 2 Amount of Population at Regency-City of Moluccas Province 1998-2002
From table 2, it is known that Ambon City and Western Sout East Moluccas (Saumlaki), in 1999-2002 experience the decrease in population amount.This condition showed that there is emigration and not return.At Ambon City, emigration and return since 1999-2002 is 81,098 people while at Western Sout East Moluccas there are 209 people that are not return.While in the three regencies, there are increase of population amount, this condition make the immigration flow up to 2002 are higher than emigration of1999-2002,this population come from Ambon City or Southeast Moluccas.The most additional population is in Central Moluccas regency, namely 20,643 people, while Buru regency is 18,203 people, the increase at Southeast Moluccas Regency is on steady condition, up to 2002 the condition is same as 1998.So it is known that 42,460 people of refugee up to 2002 are emigrant from Ambon City and West Southeast Moluccas Regency is expected migrating from Moluccas Province.By understanding the amount of migration at Moluccas and out of Moluccas it can be easy to understand the growth of IDP, but coordination is needed.In fact, all regencies have made coordination and determined the number of IDP as well as the location of migration, but up to 2008-2009 the data is still on problem, due to not determined appropriately.Is the uncertain attitude of government and not professional in obtaining data make the problem solving of IDP disturbed?
The mass concentration is more at Ambon City, this proved by the first stage of conflict at January 1999 up to the fourth stage of August 2000, the conflict is always started at Ambon City, so that the amount of IDP is also the most if compared with the other regencies at Moluccas Province, namely 108,640 people.Or Ambon City experiences very much decrease of population amount if compared with the other regencies at Moluccas Province post-conflict 1999-2000, namely 34.10 persen, Souteast Moluccas with 30 persen, West Southeast Moluccas with 2.94%, and the least decrease at Buru 0.38 persen.This decrease indicates emigration performed by the population from the fourth regencies.While at Central Moluccas Regency post-conflict 1999-2000, the increase of population is 7.13 persen.The increase indicates the immigration flow at Central Moluccas Regency.2.The very high of IDP amount post-conflict is about 276,446 people(ICG  Report, 2002)that are not balanced by the facilities especially appropriate IDP places where social unsafe is usually occurs.The IDP place facilitated by government and NGOs has no border, so that early marriage, father ravishing the daughter, theft, hardness among individuals, etc.The follow a citation from the report of Mahina Arika Institution, a local NGO, about the influence of refuge at refuge location.

Table 4 Status of IDPs at Maluku
government because one of problem of conflict at Molucas is the problem in getting job.Conflict study at five areas at Indonesian performed by Tumanggor et al, (2007) support that generally in micro condition at Moluccas, North Moluccas, and Borneo, all problems is based from dissatisfaction of the actor of cross-ethnic, religion, safety, bureaucracy in holding asset and work field.
. The government policy, namely the DPRD, recommend the need of investigation and firm action to the person abusing the fund of IDP, since 2003 -2005. The fund entering through province government to handle IDP up to 2005 is 600 billion (Wattihelut, 2006 in Portal Indonesia, 2009) : From this number, there are some abuses for example the abuse at West Southeast Moluccas with Rp 7,6 billion.The abuses also occur at some regency at this province.Based on some obstacle in handling IDP at Moluccas, it is logic why up to 2009 the process of handling the problem has not completed et, in fact to many party exploit this condition, both the society that are not honest and government that are not firm, so careful attitude should be taken where the citizen should not be accused for this condition.But uncertainty of government attitude result on speculation, either speculation in society level or personal level.Because until nowadays the database about a) how much and how about the distribution of IDP is not clear, b) how much budget needed and the distribution to the program of emergency, recovery, up to empowerment are not documented, c) Data and budget that are available are not transparent and not published, d) Monitoring and the evaluation program are not effective performed by government, e)