GENDER INEQUALITY WITHIN A FAMILY: THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN’S NOVEL IN SOCIAL MEDIA

A topic about women is always interesting to discuss, including their works, such as a novel. Her life journey has been portrayed in a novel in detail. This paper aims to describe the representation of a women's novel in social media, the factors leading to it, and the values within. It employed a qualitative descriptive method with a feminist literary approach that examined the text from the women's side as a reader. Data were taken from a novel published online in social media and then printed. It was Elena. This study showed that women's novels in social media tend to experience marginalization/ discrimination, stereotype/ negative labeling, subordination, and excessive burden for women. The dominating cultural construction, patriarchy ideology, and familial ideology are the influencing factors. Women's novel also contains messages about religious values, education values, and the values of patience and endurance. It suggested that further research compared it with other novels published in social media or other media to provide a more comprehensive and varied description.


INTRODUCTION
A novel, which is a journey of human life, has taught people about the presence of a woman who becomes a central issue in a women's novel. As a publication medium, technology and the internet have become the society need to develop skills (Rismayani et al., 2018), including literacy, such as writing novels, poems, or other literary works (Indriyani et al., 2019). Women have contributed to building literacy awareness in social media either individually or through various online writing media, such as Facebook (Lubis, 2014). The literacy activities in Facebook have been proliferating since 2013 and developed along with community members dominated by married women of 30-50 years old. Many posts popping up within the community are appreciated, motivating them to write literary works (novels), either offline or online. The work (a novel) uploaded in the media is a place for women to voice their issues (Hayati, 2012). The issues cover rights, reproductive health, dangers of domestic violence, the ups and downs in marriage, the wait for the couple to come, and things that will, is ongoing and had happened in their world (Krisnalita, 2018).
A study related to social media today goes into three trends. Firstly, social media as a place or tool for religious contestation (Musthofa, 2016;Ningrum, Suryadi, & Chandra Wardhana, 2019;Saputra, 2016;Sumadi, 2016). Violence, social schisms are often exhibited in various mass media and online news, such as the news of terrorism popping up daily on our mobile screen. It results in anxiety that the ummah would fall apart (Yunus, 2017). Secondly, social media as a solution to online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic (Anderson & Dron, 2014;Dabbagh & Kitsantas, 2012;Kaplan & Haenlein, 2016;Kumar & Nanda, 2018). Social policy and physical distancing have shut down all educational institutions, that the learning process is conducted online by utilizing social media platform, which is now already familiar within the society, including students (Suni . Thirdly, social media is a medium of politics (Prasatya, 2015;Terchilă, 2014;Þierean & Bra o ov, 2010). According to Ardha, social media plays a vital role in influencing society to campaign for the credibility of a party (Ardha, 2014). Besides, Indonesia ranks eighth globally for most social media users, such as Facebook, Twitter, Blog, and Youtube (Siagian, 2015). The three tendencies of social media associated with women's literary works (novels) have not been commonly studied. It might expose gender relations or man and woman relationships socially constructed, or when women are under the domination of parents and a man within a family.
This paper reviews the depiction of a women's novel published on social media in 2018 and 2019, written both individually or under a community, Komunitas Bisa Menulis (KBM) on Facebook. This paper discusses the way women's novel is represented, factors affecting the representation of the women's novel, and the values inside the women's novel in social media.
It hypothesizes that social media functions as a platform for women to express all forms of gender inequality and injustice, which has recently been coming up dynamically, and the development of women's literacy community in social media. The novel is chosen because it provides an accessible and vast space to reveal all of the pressure burdening them (Yulianeta, 2016). In addition, it strongly appeals to readers who describe a man as authoritative, so he assumes that a woman is a dream, the secondary gender, the second-class citizen, and the subordinate (Setyorini, 2017).

LITERATURE REVIEW Literacy and Social Media
Literacy is defined as one's ability to process and understand information during reading and writing (Teguh, 2017). This definition is shifting along with the development of science and technology. Literacy is currently used in many variations, such as media literacy, computer literacy, scientific literacy, cultural literacy, and many others (Perpustakaan Universitas Indonesia, 2016). Critically, literacy can be achieved through five activities: understanding, involving, using, analyzing, and transforming a text. According to Adyawanti, literacy is the ability of individuals to read, write, speak, calculate, solve problems according to the level of expertise required (Adyawanti et al., 2016). Further, literacy is following the particular environmental requirements of an individual Social Media.
The rapid development of technology and information leads to the preconditions of social media's presence, followed by a shift in social behavior patterns concerning culture, ethics, and norms (Cahyono, 2016). In addition to spilling negative information, such as hoaxes, pornographies, and porno-actions, and many others (Gumgum et al., 2017), social media also provide convenience and positive things that can be utilized by the users and broader community, such as the more accessible and quicker process of interaction and wider science accessibility (Rahadi, 2007;Sudibyo, 2011;. Therefore, people need technology literacy to acquire its convenience and benefit.

Gender Inequality
Gender inequality is defined as differences and inequities between men and women in various aspects of life, such as education, employment, health, politics, decision-making, and many others (Chary, 2017;Zilfa, 2017). According to Siregar (2018), it refers to a condition in which an injustice happens between men and women within a family, society, nation, and state. Ponthieux & Meurs (2015) suggest that gender inequality refers to any form of unfair treatment, such as exclusion, restrictions of rights and freedoms in various fields between men and women, either economic, political, or social (Ponthieux & Meurs, 2015). Fitrianti and Habibullah's (2017) research shows the lousy impact of gender inequality in education, where people still think that women should not pursue higher education, resulting in lower employment opportunities than men.
Often, an injustice constantly made becomes a construct of goodness based on religion (Nurhilaliati & Nor, 2015). The position of men, which is superior to that of women in the concept of religion (Islam), affects in woman subordination, especially related to a relationship in a marriage or a husband and wife, constructed in marriage sermon, a gender-biased religious dogma (Nurhilaliati & Nor, 2015). On one side, society has caused a gap between men and women, for example, in leadership, the right to voice, and many others, yet on the other hand, Article 27 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution states that every citizen is equal under the law and government, either a woman, man, adult, or child (Abidin et al., 2018;Yatazaka, 2014). Women perceive the role of gender deliberately built by this ideology as something natural or nature, so in many aspects of life, this system perpetuates gender inequality (Rokhimah, 2014). Sari's (2019) study clarifies that gender inequality in Japan is a form of structural violence influenced by the patriarchal culture, which ultimately forms a social structure dominated by men, as seen in the inequality of women's representation in politics, economy, access to education, and social expectation. Gender inequality in politics, according to Gusmansyah (2019), lies in the marginalization and exclusion of women from the formal political process. The research results show that there is still gender inequality in control over the resources and benefits. Gender equality in a family who runs a livestock business has a significant relationship with their income (Nadhira & Sumarti, 2017). The development of reproductive organs and the inequality of gender roles among society increases the vulnerability of young women to experience sexual coercion (Parmawati et al., 2020).

Family
Johnson (in PDR, 2012) defines a family as a group of two or more persons as the smallest units of society who have blood relations living together continuously under one roof with an emotional bond and respective obligation. Another concept defines that a family as a group of people with ties of marriage, birth, and adoption aims to create and sustain a culture and enhance every member's physical, mental, and emotional development (Duvall and Logan, 1986). According to Logan (1979), a social system and a group of components interact. As one of the social institutions among society, the family plays a significant role in developing behavior patterns and normative internalization. It is the first and foremost educational institution in instilling a moral foundation (Syarbini, 2014).
Gender relations in a family can be built equally and justly between husbands and wives, sons and daughters in enforcing their functions through role and work division in diverse aspects of life (Anita, 2015). Along with that, social and cultural construction contributes significantly to determining their respective roles within the family institution (Nuraida & Zaki, 2018). Family is the pivot of changes in society. Once it is built in harmony, equality, openness, and togetherness, it will result in children who hold the same, equal, fair, open, responsible, and responsible attitude. On the contrary, when the family always shows negative behavior, it should also negatively impact them (Nurhilaliati & Nor, 2015). Social and cultural construction significantly affects the husband's and wife's role distribution within the family (Aisyah, 2014).

METHOD
This study employs descriptive qualitative research, a literature study that examines a novel with a feminist approach. This method is used to understand and describe the representation of a women's novel in social media to gain an overview of women's literacy development and its factors. The approach and criticism of feminism are made by reading the posts, ideology, and culture under the perspective of women. Feminism is used to see how the ideology describes the representation of women's novels presented. Therefore, the study of feminism aims to reveal the possibility of patriarchal power or resistance against the domination reflected in those novels (Hidayati, 2019).
The research data are the literary works, women's novels. They are phrases and sentences containing information related to the research problem retrieved from the novels. The primary data source of the current research is the novel posted in the Facebook group, KBM, titled Elena by Ellya Ningsih. This novel is selected due to the high interest of readers. The data of the current research are collected in two stages. The first is reading. This technique begins with reading the novel's contents thoroughly, and then the data are classified based on the objectives of the study. The second is note-taking. In this stage, we take notes on the narratives and paragraphs describing the aspects studied: the representation, the factors of the representation, and values within the novel.
The data are then analyzed through the descriptive qualitative method. The inference is used to interpret and conclude the results of the research according to the research problems. In this research, the inference is made based on feminist literary criticism, woman as the reader. Feminist literary criticism in the woman as reader focuses on representing literary works constructed by women during writing.
Literary criticism needs interpretation stages to understand literary work by providing interpretation based on the character of the works. Interpretation is an attempt to clarify the meaning of the language through analysis, paraphrase, and comment by interpreting the meaning of the work based on the other elements and aspects, such as the type, the genre, the effect, and the sociohistorical background.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Social media is an effective medium to voice an opinion for anyone, including women, through literary works, such as a novel. People who join the KBM Facebook group can express their ideas and thoughts in literary works publicly. The written stories are mostly the authors' personal experiences, especially the female authors subjected to injustice within their relationship with their partners.

Women's Representation in Elena Novel
Marginalization and discrimination occur due to personal interests, rights, needs, and aspirations in Elena's social life. It is described in the passage excerpts of the novel, as presented in table 1 below: Finally, Elena assented to the proposal after his mother became sick for overthinking her only daughter's destiny. The marriage date and place had been set, while she did not find a way to deliver the news to Eugene.
As if she were dealing with a dilemma. Choosing Eugene means getting ready to lose her family, even possibly her religion. Leaving Eugene means she would have to marry somebody who she just knew and did not love. (Elena, 2018, p. 85).
"She is one of the new administrators at our shop in Bandung. Her name Is Adinda. We will do ta'aruf (an Islamic tradition of a spouse to know each other before getting married) next week, if you allow me to. She is willing to be your co-wife. Her parents also do not mind," said Ibnu. Elena flinched between being conscious and not. Did her opinion count at that time? Useless. (Elena, 2018, p. 85).
During the process of ta'aruf, Elena was in much silence. She was asking a simple request, which was living in a separate house. When it was not her turn, she was allowed to stay in Abah and Ummi Izza's house. Ibnu approved it. All went on very quickly. Three-time meeting, then the wedding date was set. Elena endures the pain, the silent hurt. No tears fell, only she became more silent and more convenient in his solitude. (Elena, 2018, p. 170). Kehadiran Adinda di rumah Elena ibarat duri dalam daging. Elena risih melihat perempuan itu hampir selalu menempel lekat kepada Ibnu. Memborong semua tugasnya sebagai istri di depan matanya, mulai menyendokkan nasi sampai menyiapkan air mandi. Elena menahan diri meski dalam hati ingin sekali memaki. Naum Ibnu sedikit mengobati kekesalannya. Pada saat Adinda memaksa agar ia saja yang membuatkan teh manis untuk suami mereka, Ibnu malah melayani Elena dengan menyeduhkan kopi dan mengoleskan selai stoberi di atas rotinya. Adinda tampak cemburu berat. (Elena, 2018, p. 195) The presence of Adinda in Elena's house was like a thorn in the flesh. Elena was disgusted seeing the girl nearby Ibnu, Replacing all of her roles as a wife right in front of her eyes, from scooping out the rice to preparing the bathwater. Elena restrained her temper even though, deep in the heart, she wanted to curse. However, Ibnu treated her with annoyance. When Adinda insisted that she would have made sweet tea herself, Ibnu served Elena by brewing a cup of coffee and spreading strawberry jam on the top of her bread. Adinda looked jealous. (Elena, 2018, p. 195) Subordination Namun, hari ternyata cepat berlalu. Hitungan tahun berlalu begitu berat dan menyiksa dengan ketidakberpihakan takdir baik pada Elena. Adinda kerap mengganjal usaha Ibnu memperbaiki hubungannya dengan Elena, Ibnu kerap membatalkan jadwal konseling karena terkadang Adinda merasa tidak sehat dan alasan-alasan lainnya. Tak ada kemajuan, semua terasa percuma. (Elena, 2018, p. 197) However, the day passed by so quickly. Years went by so heavy and torturing with the impartiality of good faith to Elena. Adinda often blocked the effort of Ibnu to fix his relationship with Elena. Ibn often canceled the schedule of counseling because sometimes Adinda felt unwell and for other reasons. No progress, all was useless. (Elena, 2018, p. 197) Living life under pressure Elena baru saja menidurkan Al di boks bayi ketika Ibnu masuk ke kamar, lalu duduk di tepi tempat tidur. Laki-laki itu memperhatikan Elena dengan seksama, terlihat jauh lebih kurus dari terakhir ia melihatnya di masjid. Pastilah dua minggu pertama yang luar biasa berat bagi perempuan itu, bahkan Ibnu nyaris tak mempunyai kesempatan untuk menghubunginya. Adinda menguasainya. (Elena, 2018, p. 170). Elena just put Al to sleep in the baby's crib when Ibnu went into the room and sat on the edge of the bed. The man looked at Elena closely and found that she was much thinner than when he saw her at the mosque. It must have been the heaviest two weeks for the woman; even Ibnu barely had a chance to phone her. Adinda mastered him. (Elena, 2018, p. 170). Table 1 shows that the women's novel represents their condition in social life, as either a child or a wife and mother in a family. From the excerpts in the paragraph, women possess four perceptions in choosing a man as their companion and going through life with families. First, from childhood to adolescence and adulthood, women have been marginalized and discriminated against. Women are not given the right to determine an essential decision for themselves, such as choosing a man for their life companion. She (Elena) had to accept the choice of her parents. Within the weighty decision, she was willing to accept a man of her parents' choice reluctantly. Elena was forced to accept the arranged marriage with Ibnu, a widower with one child, although she did not want the arrangement. Elena just wanted to see her two parents happy and did not want to be a rebellious daughter. A girl is willing to sell her happiness for the happiness of others.

More burden
Second, women are subjected to negative stereotyping or labeling, which tends to degrade them. Women are second-class beings, through which the husband ignores the wife's wishes, as experienced by Elena in her husband's case, and then chooses to do polygamy. Her husband intended to get married to another girl named Adinda, as written in table 1. Ibn decided to do ta'aruf and made Adinda the co-wife of Elena. Elena was never asked for an opinion about polygamy because, for Ibnu, his decision was final, neglecting his wife's voice, who did not want it to happen. He neglects Elena's feelings. She was too broken hurt, so being silent and soluble in the loneliness is the only way for her to keep sane and happy.
Third, women experience subordination, in which the women are deemed weaker and more vulnerable than men. The story ended up with a dispute. She also did not have the opportunity to decide her way of life. The coming of Adinda in the house of Elena presents a different situation and condition. Whereas it was the day where Ibnu, her husband, visited her, but Adinda as the second wife, decided to come along and dominated Elena's turns in the form of small cares. However, Elena could still hold her back. All of the plans of Ibnu to fix his relationship with Elena failed due to the coming of Adinda. All of the schedules prepared by Ibnu for their relationship were missed.
Fourth, women bear more burden after getting married. Being excessively burdened happened to Elena, who should have cared for Maryam while her husband seemed indifferent. Elena looked bearing much burden because she had to take care of her baby Al and her stepdaughter, Maryam. Ibnu realized that his attention to Elena and her children was divided after Adinda, his second wife.
Fifth, the exposure to the representation of women's novels in social media demonstrates discrimination and injustice against women. A woman in a family (as a child or a wife) does not have the right over herself, did not have a chance to defend, and can not make her own decision. The study results are confirmed by Abdullah & Abdullah (2012) that the relationship pattern of men and women in the family is more likely to marginalize women due to patriarchal culture. However, they also added that the family of the same village in the same village shows different relationships because they have different economic backgrounds. More specifically, the elements can be broken down into, for example, education, work, party membership, and environment (Abdullah & Abdullah, 2012).

The Factors Affecting Women's Novel Representation
The representation is reflected in the narrative presented in the Elena Novelunder the readers' perspective. Marriage culture with a western (foreigner) rarely occurs among religious communities, mainly Muslim. It happens due to the profound differences between eastern and western cultures. This culture can be reflected in behavior, language, and customs. The difference makes parents reluctant to agree with the marriage of their daughters to someone with different religion and culture. In addition, several other factors might also be the reasons, as shown in table 2:  (Elena, 2018, p. 84).

"She is one of the new administrators at our shop in Bandung. Her name is Adinda. We will do ta'aruf (an Islamic tradition of a spouse to know each other before getting married) next
week, if you allow me to. She is willing to be your co-wife. Her parents also do not mind," said Ibnu. Elena flinched between being conscious and not. Did her opinion count at the time? Useless. (Elena, 2018, p. 85).
Finally, Elena assented to the proposal after her mother became sick for overthinking the destiny of her only daughter. The date and place of the marriage had been set, while she cannot deliver the news to Eugene. As if she were dealing with a dilemma. Choosing Eugene means getting ready to lose her family, even possibly her religion. Leaving Eugene means she would have to marry somebody who she just knew and not love. (Elena, 2018, p. 85).
Feminism Ideology Table 2 above shows that woman representation is influenced by three main factors: cultural construction, patriarchal ideology, and feminism ideology. First, cultural construction has a substantial stake in influencing a woman's image, such as culture, tradition, and values/norms of Javanese. Javanese women are perceived as submissive, motherly, controllable, and graceful. From an early age, Javanese women have to follow the rules to be obedient, well-behaved, and graceful. In addition, they must also be good at doing domestic chores (washing, cooking, sweeping the floor, and many others) and not allowed to go outside at night. The culture and tradition attached to Javanese have built an image that women should be loving, graceful, and submissive to be controlled by the rules inherently instilled within society. It is reflected in the Novel Elena, which shows that the main character, Elena, should follow the arranged marriage with a widower who has one child. As a daughter, her voice and opinion are ignored and unheard. Elena is positioned as a submissive daughter to her parents' choice even though she already has her prospective husband.
The second, patriarchal ideology also marginalizes and subordinates women. It builds a perception that men should be masculine, mighty, and rational, while women should be feminine, passive, graceful, and sensitive. Patriarchal ideology also creates a portrait that women should be naturally at home, serving their husband, submissive, obedient to the husband, and raising the children. The novel shows that Elena's husband (Ibnu) has made all the decisions on any household issues without his wife's consent, including his desire to get married again or to do polygamy. Ibnu freely delivers the information and explains the girl who will marry him without asking the consent of Elena as a wife.
Third, the familial ideology believes that marriage to a stranger will bring about suffering. Obedience to parents is one of the ways to perpetuate arranged marriage. Elena underwent Simalakama in her life, so she chose to accept the arranged marriage for fear that she was considered ungrateful to her parents and her mother was sick for thinking about her. The matchmaking was successfully brought to the aisle even though the bride was forced. The one-sided matchmaking led to discomfort at home. The inherently attached patriarchal ideology has ratified the perception that women are weak and should not be given a space to argue. The unhealthy relationship pattern and the husband who has a child are automatically burdensome for her. It results in her physical and psychological exhaustion.
From the three ideologies, a woman has positioned lower than that of a man. The absence of gender equality and justice within the family is regarded as natural. The inequality and discrimination are reinforced by an ideology inherently attached to the cultural life of the community.

The Values within the Women's Novel
A novel is a work with values transferred to every reader, and so is a women's novel. Many messages are taught in the Novel Elena, as reflected presented in table 3 below. Table 3. Values within the Novel
"Ummi said, women only have two options, being the best jewelry or the worst slander," said Maryam while playing the tip of Elena's veil. "So, you understand the advice of Ummi just now?" Asked Elena, wondering. "Initially, not, but then, Ummi explained that Islam raised the glory of women, so we should not destroy it ourselves. Ummi said, a woman is special and beautiful that Islam requires to cover the aurat (parts of body which should be covered according to Islam) for safety, like breaking one's self and becoming a temptation for others," said Maryam thoroughly. (Elena, 2018, p. 115).
"Sweetheart, divorce is indeed allowed, yet God hates it. Are you really going to do the things that God hates?" You must know that the greatest mission of the devil is to separate the husband and wife. Are you seriously going to let the devil win?" (Elena, 2018, p. 142).
Wedding is a very great bond because it is arranged in the name of Allah. Thus, God is the number one, not lust, love, and nor worldly tendency," said Abah in some of his words. (Elena, 2018, p. 146).
It does not mean I do not bless you, sweetie. Once again, the choice is yours. We can only pray for your best. Learn the wife's rights again so that you can be fair to both and vicious to one of them. (Elena, 2018, p. 173).
It is common and obligatory to be good to the people like us. However, doing good to the people who do not like us is a good moral that exemplified by our Prophet, Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wasallam." (Elena, 2018, p. 180).

Patience
The Elena Novel contains emulatable moral values to the readers and describes the representation of women in a family. Four values can be learned from the Novel Elena. The first, the religious value of the figure in the text, is a human relationship to God. Elena convinces herself that she must go through her days by reading the holy Quran as a process of getting closer to God for repentance to Him.
Second, the novel's educational value is driven through wise teachings given by some figures; for example, Maryam, the stepdaughter of Elena, tells about her mother's advice that a woman could be good jewelry or an evil tempter. She is advised to close the aurat to become good jewelry. The advice could also be found in Abah's words to Ibnu when he did not speak to Elena, his wife, after her baby's birth. Abah reminds him to reconsider his attitude carefully toward his wife. As the head of the family, being responsible is required, such as maintaining and fulfilling her rights. The novel also teaches us to always do good to