PHONOLOGICAL LEVEL IN ALLAMA IQBAL ’ S POEM “ THE BIRD ’ S COMPLAINT ” : A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS

Allama Iqbal is one of some poet who declares himself as a fighter toward social arouse and problem in his country. Through his poet, he created a spirit to restrain against injustice in his country. This study aimed to analyze one of Allama Iqbal poet in the term of a phonological level. The theory used is a stylistic approach. It found that the poet used alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme scheme, and onomatopoeia as the phonological devices in stylistics. The phonological devices in the poem are used to create a good rhyme or musical in order to make the poem more beautiful when it is read loudly. Consonance is the most phonological devices applied in the poem, and the sound /n/ is the most consonance sound found in the poem. The assonance is in the second place with the sound /ə/ and /ɪ/ as the most assonance sound used in the poem. The alliteration found is sound /n/ and /s/ as the most alliteration sound found in the poem. In the rhyme scheme, the poem almost has the monotonous rhyme because almost all of the stanzas have the rhyme ‘aa,' but it also contains the rhyme ‘ab.'


INTRODUCTION
There is a close relationship between language and literature.Language takes the crucial parts in human's life as the media of communicating.Language is used to express and transfer the idea.Sapir (1949:8) says "language is a purely human and noninstinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires using systems of voluntarily produced symbols."It explains how the importance of language for the human being and how the language is constructed.The word 'literature' itself is derived from Latin 'litarura' or 'literatura' which has meaning as writing form of a letter.Klarer (2004:1) says "in most cases, literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in the more exact sense of the word."According to the definition, literature can be said as the creative writings from the author in an aesthetic way, and content of values and specific message.There is a message or meaning that the writers want to deliver in the literary work (Belfarhi, 2013;Sunderland, 2016).So, in interpreting the literary works in order to get the meaning behind the text, stylistic analysis is needed.
The stylistic analysis focuses on learning about language, the working of language in literature and on developing the confidence to work systematically towards interpretations of literary texts.With such a focus, among all other approaches to literature study, practical stylistic offers itself as a suitable introductory mode of analysis.Stylistic can be defined as a branch of applied linguistics concerned with the study of style in texts.Widdowson (1975:3) defines stylistic as "the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation."It means that in analyzing stylistic, the concern is not just on the literary but also from the linguistics (Sandrine, 2014;Sorline, 2016).
The object to analyze by using the stylistic level is the poem which is written by Allama Iqbal.He is the one of Pakistan poet who has given significant influence in Urdu literature.
Therefore, the government of Pakistan named Iqbal as the 'national poet' and his birthday becomes a national holiday in Pakistan.Allama Iqbal or known as Sir Muhammad Iqbal is a poet, philosopher, and politician, as well as an academic, barrister and scholar.Because of his great works, in 1932, he was knighted the title 'sir' by King George V.Most of his poetry is talking about Islam, nature, life and moral.Iqbal used poetry as the media for him to express his idea about the problems that happened in his country at that time.People in Pakistan were poor, colonial, fool, and retarded at that time.So, Iqbal with his intellectual, emotional, and spiritual, creates his poetry beautifully.Allama Iqbal considered as the one of person that gives influence in Pakistan's independence.Allama Iqbal who is also known as the 'Poet of the East' has produced a lot of beautiful poetries which have become an inspiration.Therefore, the writer is interested in analyzing the one of Iqbal's poetry by using the stylistic approach.
In analyzing this research, the writer will not only concern about the meaning of the poem but also a concern with the codes themselves and particular messages.This study focuses on the analysis of stylistic in Iqbal's poem.The poem which will be analyzed or the data source is "The Bird's Complaint."The analysis will focus on the Phonological level and how the language devices have been realized in the poem.The writer used documentation technique to collect the data, by finding any language devices in Phonological level in the line of the poem.So, the data in this study is sound and word taken from Muhammad Allama Iqbal's poem "Farinde Ki Faryard" or "The Bird's Complaint."Data analyzing used the qualitative data analyzing method (Hammerberg et al., 2016;Miles et al., 2014).Therefore, in this research the writer focusing the study on lines of the poem which contains language devices in Phonological level that they have marked in all lines of the poem.The data are displayed in a table.The tables are made into three columns which will display the Line or Stanza, Line of The Poem, and Language Devices.In this research, the writer will make a conclusion based on the finding.
The findings of the study are expected to give some positive contributions to the study of stylistic, especially in stylistic element and how the language devices have been integrated into the poem (Liu, 2011;Jensen, 2015), this study is useful for learning stylistic.Also, this study is expected to give constructive feedback to the writer and students of English, particularly those interested in the stylistic study.More precise, this study can bridge the linguistic and literature study in a single subject, in other word kill two birds with one stone

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Phonology is a branch of linguistics that studies about the system sound of spoken language.Phonological devices in stylistics are alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme scheme, pararhyme, reverse rhyme, onomatopoeia.The sound /w/ is the alliteration in the line above.The same consonant occurs in the word 'wailing' and 'wounded' in which both of the words are begun with the same sound, and it is the sound /w/ The last alliteration found in the line twenty one.The alliteration is the word 'me' and 'make' in which have the same initial consonant sound, it is the sound /m/.The alliteration in the poem is used to make a good rhyme.This rhyme makes the poem is easy to remember.The most alliteration sound in the poem is the sound /m/ which appears in three times.The first assonance sound in the poem is found in the first line.The assonance sound occurs in the word 'reminded,' 'bygone,' and 'times' in which all of the words have the same vowel sound; it is the sound /ʌɪ/.The same vowel sound is found in the word 'go' and 'own.'Both of the words have the vowel sound /əʊ/.The first assonance found in the word 'source' and 'form' in which both of the words have the same vowel sound, it is the sound /ɔː/.The second assonance found in the word 'which,' 'in,' and 'did' in which all of the words contain of the same vowel, it is the sound /ɪ/.The last assonance is found in line twentytwo.The assonance is in words 'a,' 'silent,' 'prisoner', and 'am' in which all of the words have the same vowel sound /ə/.The assonance creates musical in the poem.It will make the poem more beautiful when it is read loudly.The most assonance sound in the poem is the sound /ə/ and /ɪ/.Garden's -springschorus -/ˈɡɑːrdns/ -/sprɪŋs/ -/ˈkɔːrəs/chimes / tʃʌɪms/ = /s/ In the second line, the consonance occurs in the words 'garden's,' 'springs,' 'chorus' and 'chimes' in which all of the words have the same consonant sound at the end of each word, it the sound /s/.The sound /s/ also found in line eight.The consonance is found in the word 'source' and happiness' in which both of the words have the same consonant sound /s/at the end of the words.'on,' 'misfortune,' and 'in' in which all of the words have the same consonant sound /n/at the end of the words.The sound /n/ is the consonance in line seventeen above.The sound /n/ has also found before.In this line, the consonance occurs in the word 'separation,' 'garden,' and 'condition' in which all of the words have the same final consonant /n/.In the line twenty one, the consonance sound is the sound /n/ too.The consonance can be found in the word 'one' and 'confined.'The same consonant sound /n/ can be seen if the word is divided into the syllable.The word 'one' is a single syllable and the word 'confined' has two syllables, they are 'confined.'So, the sound /n/ is found in the same stress in the word.The last consonance is found in the line twenty one.The consonance occurs in the word 'prisoner' and 'earn' in which have the same consonant sound /n/.The writer used consonance to create the rhyming by forcing the audience to pause in words.The most consonance sound in the poem is found in the sound /n/ and /s/.

Rhyme scheme
'The Bird's Complaint' consists of twenty-two lines and eleven stanzas.Each of stanza consists of two lines.So, in order to get the rhyme scheme, the analysis will be divided into each of stanza.

AA
In the first stanza, it is found that the rhyme is AA.Both of the lines have the same ending sound; it is the sound /s/.

AB
The rhyme in the second stanza above is AB.Both of the lines do not have the same ending sound.The first line is ended by the consonant sound /s/, so it is 'A,' and the second line is ended with the vowel sound /ə/, so it is 'B.'

AB
In the third stanza, the rhyme scheme is also 'AB.'Both of the lines is ended by the consonant sound but in a different sound.The ending sound of the first line is /k/ and the ending sound of the second line is /s/.

AA
In the fourth stanza, the writer used the 'AA' rhyme scheme again.The ending sound of both of the line is consonant sound /m/.

AA
In the stanza six, it is still found that the rhyme scheme of the stanza is 'AA.'The rhyme scheme in this stanza used to emphasize how the writer feels lonely because he was not with his friends in his own country.Both of the lines in this stanza are ended with the consonant sound /m/.

AA
The rhyme scheme in the stanza seven is 'AA.'In this stanza, the writer sill used the same sound to end the line.Both of the ending lines have the same consonant sound /ɪŋ/.

AA
In the stanza eight, the rhyme scheme is 'AA' too.The writer still used the same word to end the line.Both of the lines are ended with the vowel sound; it is sound/ əʊ/.

AB
After the 'AA' rhyme scheme found in some stanzas before, in the stanza nine, the rhyme scheme changes into the 'AB' rhyme scheme.The ending sound of the lines is different.The first line is ended with the consonant sound /ʃ/, and the second line is ended with consonant sound /t/.

AA
The last stanza has an 'AA' rhyme scheme.The writer used the same word in the ending line of the last stanza.It shows how the writer wishes they could be free after told about his sorrow in the previous stanza.Lexical onomatopoeia draws upon recognized words in the language system, words like a thud, crack, slurp and buzz, whose pronunciation enacts their referents symbolically outside language.Nonlexical onomatopoeia, by contrast, refers to clusters of sounds which echo the world in a more unmediated way, without the intercession of linguistic structure.For example, the mimicking of the sound of a car revving up might involve a series of nonlexical approximations, such as vroom vroom, or brrrrm brrrrm, oh, air, pride, plume, here and so on.

Onomatopoeia
The onomatopoeia in the poem is found in line fifteen, nineteen, and twenty-one.The sound /əʊ/ is used to make the sound of talking to particular things.In line fifteen, the writer is talking to God.In line nineteen, the writer is talking to the listener about his pain.Moreover, in line twenty one, the writer is talking to anybody who can make him free.
After analyzing the data, it is found that Allama Iqbal's poem 'The Bird's Complaint' contains some phonological devices, they are alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme scheme, and onomatopoeia.In the grammar level, the poem consists of suffix and prefix as the morphological devices, and in the syntax, the poem is written in pure, complex, compound, and exclamation sentence.So, the following table shows the total of all of the phonological devices.The table shows the phonological devices found in Allama Iqbal's poem 'The Bird's Complaint.'So, after analysis, the data found that there are five phonological devices in the poem.They are alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme scheme, and onomatopoeia.Then, it is also found that consonance is the most phonological device used in the poem.It followed by assonance, alliteration and the last onomatopoeia.The rhyme scheme of the poem is 'AA' and 'AB.'The most rhyme scheme is 'AA.'The most sound which found in alliteration is the sound /n/, in assonance is the sound /ə/ and /ɪ/ and in the consonance is /n/ and /s/.

CONCLUSION
Having analyzed the data in the previous chapter, the writer tries to conclude this study which based on the problem of the study.In Phonological level, the writer found that the poet used alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme scheme, and onomatopoeia as the phonological devices in stylistics.
Second, the phonological devices in the poem are used to create a good rhyme or musical in order to make the poem more beautiful when it is read loudly.The musical in the poem aimed to give the impression to the reader so that the poem will be more accessible to remember.Consonance is the most phonological devices applied in the poem, and the sound /n/ is the most consonance sound found in the poem.Then, the assonance is in the second place with the sound /ə/ and /ɪ/ as the most assonance sound used in the poem.The third place is alliteration with the sound /n/ and /s/ as the most alliteration sound found in the poem, and the last place is onomatopoeia.In the rhyme scheme, the poem almost has the monotonous rhyme because almost all of the stanzas have the rhyme 'aa,' but it also contains the rhyme 'ab.'So the rhyme scheme in the poem is (aa ab ab aa aa aa aa aa ab ab aa).

Table 12 .
Assonance In the ninth line, the assonance occurs in the word 'sounds' and 'now' in which both of the words contain the same vowel sound, it is /aʊ/ sound.

Table 14
The assonance sound found in the word 'tantalized' and 'my' in which both of the words have the same vowel sound /ʌɪ/.It is the second times of the sound /ʌɪ/ is found in this poem.

Table 15
The assonance occurs in the three words; they are 'companions,' 'prison,' and 'am' in which all of the words have the same vowel sound, it is sound /ə/.
/ɪn/ -/wɪð/ = /ɪ/ The sound /ɪ/ is the assonance in this line.The assonance is in the words 'with', and 'in' in which both of the words have the same vowel sound /ɪ/.This sound also has found in line eight.

Table 19
The same vowel sound /ɪ/ is found again in this line.The assonance occurs in the word 'this,' 'is,' and 'wounded' in which all of the words have the same vowel sound /ɪ/.

Table 22
The first consonance found in the first line of the poem.The word 'constantly' and 'times' contain the same consonant sound, it is the sound /s/.If the word 'constantly' divided into the syllable, it becomes 'cons -tant -ly' and the word 'times' just have one a single syllable 'times.'So the consonant sound /s/ has found in the same stress of the word.

Table 24
In the fifth line, it is found the same consonant in the word 'heart' and 'moment.'Both of the words have the sound /t/at the end of the words.

Table 28
Both of the words have the same consonant sound; it is the sound /m/.If the word 'companions' divided into a syllable, it becomes 'com -pan -ions.'Then if the word 'homeland' divided into a syllable, it becomes 'homeland'.So, it can be seen that the sound /m/ is found in the same stress sound.

Table 48 .
Findings in Phonological Level