NATASHA’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS IN NICOLA YOON’S THE SUN IS ALSO A STAR

This research aims to show one of the main characters’ hierarch ies of needs in The Sun is Also a Star by Nicola Yoon, which arises when Natasha, an undocumented immigrant who is about to be deported, tries to fulfill some of her needs before and after her deportation. In this research, the researchers used the hierarchy of needs theory by Abraham Maslow. The data of this research is collected by reading and marking some texts from the novel. Based on the analysis, the researchers find that Natasha can fulfill all of her needs, before and after the deportation, based on the five stages of the hierarchy of needs by Abraham Maslow. So, the result is even though she has to try hard in meeting her safety needs because, as an undocumented immigrant who is about to be deported, she feels worried to move back to Jamaica, and there are also some obstacles, but Natasha is still able to fulfill those needs when she arrived and started her new life in Jamaica, and finally she can reach her self-actualization. B ased on Natasha’s motivat ion in meeting her needs, the researchers conclude that the most dominant needs that Natasha tries to fulfill are safety and love and belonging needs.


INTRODUCTION
The word motivation originally came from the Latin word movere, meaning to move (Coccia, 2019). With that meaning, that is why someone who has motivation in them begins to move to do something that can make them achieve what they want. In that so, it can be said that someone's behavior depends on the motivation that they have because indeed, behavior is guided by motivation (O'Reilly, 2020). Furthermore, if there is a study about motivation, it will focus on how or what factors make people do something to achieve their goals (Coccia, 2019). There are some theories about motivation, and according to Ivanceivich et al, in Coccia, the theory of motivation itself was originally based on the concept of hedonism. In which, based on this concept someone with motivation can behave in some ways because they want to get pleasure and avoid displeasure. Thus, it can be said, if there is a motivation that arises in someone, it means that he/she tries to find pleasure and comfort so that their life can be more comfortable without pain or worry about something.
Abraham Maslow is one of the experts who come up with the theory of the hierarchy of needs. Maslow's human motivation theory is called as the hierarchy of needs. By coming up with the hierarchy of needs theory, Maslow tried to develop it as a contribution to the movement of humanistic psychology, which in the first half of the last century was an uproar against the dominant behavioral and psychoanalytic mainstream. Compared to the dominant emphasis on psychopathology, humanistic-oriented psychologists concentrated on well-being and positive psychology (Montag et al., 2020). In his theory, there are five different levels of needs that he describes in a pyramid, which starts from the basic needs, including physiological, safety, and love and belonging needs, to the higher needs, including self-esteem and self-actualization needs. These five levels of needs must be met one by one, starting from the basic to the higher. If the basic needs have been met, by then the higher needs can be met (Neubauer and Martskvishvili, 2018). Based on the explanation above, the researchers think that it is important to discuss more about hierarchy of needs and the behavior that appears caused by it. Therefore, the researchers choose to analyze this issue.

The Sun is Also a Star is a novel written by Nicola Yoon and it was published on
November 1, 2016, by Delacorte Press publication in New York, United States, and has been filmed which was released on May 16, 2019. This novel tells the story of Natasha Kingsley, a Jamaican immigrant, whose family moved to America because her father, who is an actor, wanted to develop his acting career on Broadway. Natasha moved to America since she was a kid, and when she started to grow up, she was quite enjoying living in America, even though she and her family lived quite simply. But then, suddenly it turns out that they are undocumented immigrants and about to be deported. It can be known by the authorities because Natasha's father suddenly gets caught by the police for driving under the influence of alcohol, and it was revealed that their family lived in America illegally. Since she knows about that fact, her life starts to change. As a teenager who still has to focus on school and also takes time to play with her friends, Natasha is forced to focus on other things so that her life as an immigrant can back to normal again, without worrying that they will be deported. The reason Natasha is worried about being deported back to Jamaica is that based on what she knows Jamaica is a country full of threats and full of crime, so she feels that staying in America is one of the best ways for her and her family to live more peaceful and comfortable. In that so, since she does not want to be deported her motivation to solve her family's deportation has increased. Therefore, since Natasha is facing a problem and trying to find a solution to her problem, which is related to how Natasha, as an undocumented immigrant who is about to be deported, fulfills her needs before and after deportation, the study tried to focus to analyze what Natasha is facing by using the hierarchy of needs theory by Abraham Maslow, which will then determine which needs are the most dominant that Natasha wants to fulfill. In addition, by doing this research, it is expected can give more information about someone's hierarchy of needs that is different from one person to another, which it cannot only be seen through individuals in real life, but it can also be seen in fictional characters from literary texts. Besides, it is also expected to give more information about how motivation can arise in a person, and how it can affect the way a person behaves.

The Hierarchy of Needs
The hierarchy of needs is a theory that focuses on individual development and motivation. This theory is related to the fulfillment of needs, in which behavior always becomes the factor that influences someone in meeting their needs which can make them feel happy and satisfied with the achievement of needs that they have met (Lestari et al., 2019). Furthermore, this theory is a theory that shows a hierarchical division of every need that exists at each level, where it develops from the lowest to the highest requirements, and that each level will also play its roles according to its level (Xiao-jie and Xiao-yun, 2019). If it is related to humans, humans are creatures who, when they have fulfilled or achieved one thing, definitely after that will emerge another desire to fulfill or achieve something else. Therefore, the fulfillment of human needs is arranged in a hierarchy of prepotency, which means that every fulfillment of needs rests on the satisfaction of the previous fulfillment. So, it can be said that when satisfaction in meeting a need has not been reached, the other needs will not be successfully met. Because every fulfillment of needs will affect the highest level of fulfillment, which according to Maslow selfactualization is the highest level of needs. So, when there is one of the needs that has not been successfully fulfilled, self-actualization cannot be fully achieved.
There are five stages in the hierarchy of needs, first, physiological needs, it refers to the fulfillment of the concept of homeostasis and also the fulfillment of appetites. Second, safety needs, it refers to the fulfillment that related to the protection from something dangerous, free from anxiety and fear, and also the protection of the law. Third, love and belonging needs, it refers to the fulfillment of the desire to feel loved and being accepted by other people, like by having friends, sweetheart, wife or children, or for a place in the group. Fourth, esteem needs, it refers to the fulfillment to get the achievement and respect from the others. Esteem needs are classified into two categories, first the desire to have power, success, adequacy, faith in the world, freedom and liberty, and second is the desire to get respect from the others, like reputation, attention, and also appreciation. The last stage is self-actualization needs, it refers to the needs of someone to actualize their potential. When someone begins to try to fulfill their self-actualization needs, it makes their desire to be whatever they want to become higher. So, they will do things that can make their wish come true. If someone wants to be a musician, they must make music. If someone wants to be an artist, they must paint. If someone wants to be a poet, they must write. What a man can be, he must be. So it can be said that, someone will focus to actualize what they want, which then it will make them happy.

METHOD
This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The qualitative method is one of the research methods that can be used by researchers in conducting their research, in which this method is used in the research that uses data in the form of text or images. In doing qualitative research, the researcher will explore and try to understand the issue or problem faced by individuals, which is related to social issues or human problems, such as cultural issues, gender issues, etc. . In addition, in qualitative research, the data of the research is often acquired in the participant's environment, data analysis is inductively built from particulars to general themes, and the researcher makes interpretations of the data (Creswell and Creswell, 2018). Therefore, because this research will focus to discuss about the social issue faced by an individual, that is how one of the main characters of the novel, Natasha, meets all of her needs which all of those can be seen in every text that describes in the novel, the researchers decided to use descriptive qualitative method.
Then, the researchers will try to understand every text that written in the novel that describes about in what way the main character tries to meet all of her needs and then mark them, so it can be used as evidence to answer the research question. In addition, to analyze all of the needs that the main character tries to fulfill, the researchers used the hierarchy of needs theory by Abraham Maslow.

Physiological Needs
As it can be seen in the pyramid above, physiological needs are the first stage of needs that must be fulfilled by someone. Physiological needs are referred to as basic needs that are really important to be met because these needs are related to biological and survival needs. If someone cannot fully meet these needs, then there is no desire for them to achieve other needs (Ghozali, 2020). So, it can be said that, in fulfilling these needs, at least someone can survive so that they can continue to achieve their other needs or goals. In The Sun is Also a Star novel, as an undocumented immigrant who is about to be deported, it is not really hard for Natasha to fulfill these needs. Even though her life is not so luxurious, but she can still fulfill these basic needs, which can help her to survive.
Datum 1: "The four of us are in the living room of our one-bedroom apartment. The living room doubles as a bedroom, and Peter and I share it. It has two small sofa beds that we pull out at night, and a bright blue curtain down the middle for privacy. (Yoon 4) As it can be seen in the quotation above, Natasha and her family live in a small apartment with one bedroom, which makes Natasha and her brother, Peter, have to sleep in a living room by using a sofa bed. According to Hale et al., as the most fundamental needs for humans, physiological needs include the need for air, water, food, shelter, and also rest (2). In that so, although, Natasha lives in a small apartment and has to sleep in a living room, at least she has a shelter that can protect her from the heat of the sun and also rain, and also a place for sleep, so she can rest her body.
Datum 2: '"What's this called?" Natasha asks, when the waitress is out of earshot. "Soon dubu," I say[…]"This is delicious," she says, sipping a spoonful. She practically wiggles with pleasure." (Yoon 157) Besides Natasha has a shelter to protect her from the weather outside and also a place for her to sleep, she is also can fulfill these needs by having food so that she does not feel hungry. From the quotation above, Natasha is eating with her new friend, named Daniel.
They both come to a Korean restaurant and eat food called soon dubu, which is as a Korean signature dish, it can also be called as a soft tofu stew. Based on what her interlocutor, Daniel, said, Natasha seemed to be enjoying the food that she had tried for the first time.
So, in this first stage, as an undocumented immigrant who is about to be deported, Natasha is successful to fulfill her physiological needs because she has an apartment as a shelter to live in and food to eat.
When Natasha arrived and started her new life in Jamaica, it was not clearly explained how Natasha met her physiological needs. But based on what is described in the novel, from how she lives her life quite comfortably in Jamaica without feeling so miserable, it can be said that Natasha has managed to fulfill her physiological needs while in Jamaica.

Safety Needs
After the physiological needs are met, the next stage of needs that must be fulfilled is safety needs. According to Maslow, in fulfilling these needs, an individual will encourage themselves to seek their own safety, certainty and their own rights in the surrounding environment (Koswara, qtd in Ghozali, 2020). In addition, these needs also include stability, dependency, protection, and freedom (Setiawan, 2018). In fulfilling these needs, since Natasha and her family have a deportation problem and she needs legal help so that she and her family can defend their right to remain in America, like other American citizens, even though they are immigrants, and also since Natasha feels worried to move back to Jamaica because Jamaica is an unsafe country, the motivation to find legal protection arises in Natasha so that the deportation can be canceled, and Natasha with her family can stay longer in America without worrying about anything. That way, she makes several attempts, and one of her attempts is she chooses to go to a citizenship and immigration office.

Datum 3: "I'm going to the United State Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS)
building in downtown Manhattan to see if someone there can help me. We are undocumented immigrants, and we're being deported tonight." (Yoon 5) Based on the quotation above, because Natasha and her family soon will be deported from America, as a form of action that comes from her motivation to fulfill her safety needs, so she focuses to find someone who can help her to cancel her family's deportation from America. In that so, Natasha goes to the United State Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS). USCIS is a government agency that is in charge of dealing with the residency of foreign nationals who live temporarily or permanently in the United State.
Besides, this government agency also handles cases of immigrants who enter the United State illegally (What Is The USCIS?). Natasha chooses to come to that office in hopes the staff there can help her to cancel the deportation because she still wants to live in America.
As it is known, the USCIS office is an office that specializes in immigrant issues, so that way Natasha could get help from one of their staff. But then, it turns out that the staff cannot help her. It can be seen from one of the quotations from the novel, Datum 4: '"Your family's last appeal was rejected. The deportation stands, Ms. Kingsley.
You and your family will have to leave tonight at ten p.m." He close the file and pushes a box of tissues toward me in anticipation of my tears.' (Yoon 19). The quotation above shows how Natasha finally got to meet one of the staff after she was refused to meet a staff who had made an appointment with her. From the sentence said by the staff, it can be seen that he can no longer help after seeing Natasha's file that her family's last appeal was rejected. And it can be said that the staff indirectly asked Natasha to accept the fact that she and her family had to be deported since there was nothing more that could be done to help her.
Before deciding to seek help from the USCIS staff, Natasha had already made another effort. As it can be seen from the passage below, Influence) problem and led to it being revealed that they are living in America illegally, Natasha and also her mother have asked for legal assistance by calling a lawyer to help her father in the trial and also using Peter's American citizenship rights so that the decision for the deportation cannot be overturned. But unfortunately, this does not work and Natasha with her family will still be deported from America. As a character, Natasha is a character who has big ambition and does not easily give up on something that she wants to reach, so Natasha still tries to find another way to cancel her family's deportation, as a form of action that comes from the motivation that arises in her. He checks his watch. "Just give me a couple of hours."' (Yoon 232-33) From the dialogue above that happens between Natasha and Attorney Fitzgerald, a lawyer that she just met after the USCIS staff could not help her, it seems that there is hope for Natasha and her family to not be deported. Since Attorney said that he can ask a fellow judge to solve this problem, so there is still a chance for Natasha and her family to stay in America without fearing that they will be deported. So it can be said that what Natasha did to meet the lawyer, after the USCIS staff could not help her, it was not futile because there was still hope for her to stay in the country that she already considered as home.
However, when this problem is almost solved, there is a problem that causes Natasha and her family to lose their opportunity to remain in America.

Datum 7: '"Your Natasha is getting deported tonight after all. I couldn't stop it from happening. The judge wouldn't overturn the Voluntary Removal."[…]"Sorry.
Homeland Security doesn't like it if you overstay your visa." ' (Yoon 293). As it can be seen from that quotation, unfortunately, Attorney said that Natasha and her family will still be deported because the judge cannot overturn their deportation problem. The reason is that Natasha and her family have misused their visas so that they are already considered as immigrants who came and settled in America illegally. Therefore, after making several attempts to seek legal assistance, as an action that is formed from the motivation that arises in Natasha, she could not achieve her desire of defending her rights as well as her family's right to remain in America. Because indeed they lived in America illegally, therefore Natasha and also her family had to return to Jamaica. It can be said that after trying hard enough asking for help, there is nothing that can help her, and then Natasha finally can successfully fulfill her safety needs by living comfortably in Jamaica.

Love and Belonging Needs
After physiological and safety needs are met, the next needs that have to be met are love and belonging needs. These needs, as Maslow said, are the needs when people give love and receive love. In that so, when someone tries to meet these needs, they will be motivated to form an affective emotional connection with others in the family or in a group in the community, whether they are of the same gender or not (Ghozali, 2020). Since Natasha is an immigrant from Jamaica, so Natasha tries to make friends. "My favorite picture of me and my best friend, Bev, is still sitting on my desk." (Yoon 4). It can be seen from the quotation that there is one person who Natasha considers as her best friend, her name is Bev. She is Natasha's high school friend and they are really close to each other. By putting a photo of her and Bev on her desk, it is proving that they both are good friends.
Even, when Bev has to go to California for a college survey, Bev hopes that she will still be able to meet with Natasha when she returns to New York.
Datum 8: '"Maybe you'll still be here when I get back," she insisted after our seventeenth hug. "Maybe everything will work out."' (Yoon 19) As it can be seen from the quotation above, that Bev really hopes that Natasha will not be deported, and seeing them hug up to seventeen times can prove that Natasha not only gives her affection as a friend to Bev, but she also gets the same thing from Bev.
Besides, befriend with Bev, in fulfilling these needs Natasha also gets into a relationship with a man, named Daniel. They met in a record store in the day Natasha was going to be deported, and they become close because Daniel saved her life from a car that almost hit her. The feelings of loving, being loved, and being trusted by others are all part of these needs. People use feelings of intimacy, belonging, and the feeling of giving and receiving love to relieve feelings of loneliness (Sitepu and Putri, 2020). In addition, according to Toepeol, participating in recreational activity allows people to become close with one another ( Bruggencate et al., 2012). Thus, same like befriend with other people, having a relationship with a man or woman happens because there is the feeling of giving and receiving love between two people. At their first meeting, Natasha was not really interested to Daniel, while Daniel immediately liked her. On the other hand, after the car incident, when they start to walk together and talk about random things, Natasha and Daniel become close, and she begins to fall in love with Daniel.
Datum 9: "My heart just will not settle down. Kissing him can't be as good as I remember.
When we had our first kiss, I thought I was kissing him for the last time. I'm sure that made it more intense. This kiss will be more normal. No fireworks and chaos, just two people who like each other a lot, kissing." (Yoon 269) From the quotation above, by giving an action that is kissing, it can represent their feeling of how they love each other. Besides, by meeting with Daniel, Natasha can get back into a relationship with a man after she broke up with her boyfriend named Rob because he was cheating on her. In addition, by meeting Daniel, Natasha feels that she has found someone who can support her with her condition right now. Based on the quotation above, it can be seen from how Natasha, who is tired of what she is currently facing, feels comfortable when she is near Daniel, and also from the attitude that Daniel shows to Natasha, it shows that Daniel really supports Natasha when she is feeling frustrated with her deportation problem. So, from the actions taken by Natasha, as an undocumented immigrant who is about to be deported, it can be said that Natasha is succeeded in fulfilling the love and belonging needs because she has received and also gives love to Daniel. Besides, she can also get those things from her best friend Bev. But then, when she had to move back to Jamaica, slowly the relationship between them was cut off. Therefore, it can be said that Natasha still has to try to meet her love and belonging needs when she begins her new life in Jamaica.
It is not really hard for Natasha to meet these needs, even though after five years she moved, her mother, the person that she loves so much, got sick and then passed away (Yoon 338). But even so, she still has family and also friends who love her there. As it is known, love and belonging are related to a human emotional need for interpersonal interactions, affiliating, togetherness, and being part of a community (Mcleod, 2020). That way, since Natasha still has family and also friends who accept her arrival in Jamaica and also love her, and Natasha also tries to do the same thing to them so that she can finally meet her love and belonging needs again.

Esteem Needs
The next needs that must be met after love and belonging needs are esteem needs.
After the three previous needs are satisfied, a desire to meet the needs that relate to esteem and self-respect appeared as key determinants of human behavior (Setiawan, 2018). In addition, esteem can be said as a form of ability to behave (Ghozali, 2020). Therefore, in this stage of need, the researchers will find out how Natasha will behave when she cannot achieve her desire to stay in America and has to accept the fact about her deportation.
Datum 11: "My mom holds my hand as I stare out the window. Everything will be all right, Tasha, she says. We both know that's more a hope than a guarantee, but I'll take it nevertheless." (Yoon 335) The quotation above is one of the proofs of how Natasha behaves when she cannot reach her desire to stay longer in America. Based on the passage above, it can be seen from the way her mom tried to reassure her by holding her hand which made Natasha can feel confident, even though in the sentence from the quotation above, she still feels quite worried, but she would still try to accept the fact that she and her family have to return to Jamaica and starts again their new life there. She had given up on her greatest wish to stay and settle in America because she could not get any help to fight for that. As Natasha arrives in Jamaica and starts her new life there, she tries to make herself comfortable and she also tries to get used to all the new things that she encountered, such as the use of a Jamaican accent. As it is known, the accent that someone uses when they speak can become a sign of their identity (Moyer; Sung, 2016). Besides, it can also identify them as part of particular groups or communities (Smith & Dalton; Walker, qtd in Sung, 2016). Natasha is a Jamaican and she was born there, but the way she speaks does not show that she is a Jamaican because she does not have a Jamaican accent. That is why, as a Jamaican and since she is also started to live there, Natasha tries to speak by using a Jamaican accent until she gets used to it. Thus, when seeing the way Natasha has behaved in fulfilling these needs, it can be said that she has succeeded in meeting these needs. The way she accepted the deportation and tried to get used to all the new things that she got in Jamaica, made Natasha finally accept the fact that Jamaica is the country where she should live and settle down. Thus, the way Natasha fulfills her esteem needs is by letting herself to accept the fact about the deportation that happened to her family and also by trying to make herself comfortable living in Jamaica.

Self-Actualization Needs
After esteem needs are met the next needs that can be met are self-actualization needs.
As the last stage of needs of the hierarchy of needs, self-actualization needs are called as the highest level when someone will try to actualize their potential. As Maslow said, what a man can be he must be (382), so when someone finally got into this stage, he/she will try to be what he/she wants to be. In fulfilling these needs, Natasha who at first had a passion to become a data scientist, but since she had to be deported back to Jamaica, she could not achieve what she wanted. But even so, when she lived in Jamaica she found her other passion.
Datum 13: "She looks for a passion and finds it in the study of physics" (Yoon 339). From that quotation above, it can be seen that because she could not become a data scientist, Natasha tried to find other passions that she liked until she finally became interested in the study of physics. As can be known, self-actualization needs are the needs that include how someone finds their potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, and peak experiences (Mcleod). In that so, even though in the novel Natasha's selfactualization is not clearly described, but since she can find the things that she likes, and there is a possibility that she will develop her passion, it can be said that Natasha can fulfill her self-actualization by focusing her passion in the study of physics.
So, based on the five stages of needs that Natasha already fulfilled, the dominant needs that she tried to meet are safety and love and belonging needs. The reason is because as an undocumented immigrant who was about to be deported, Natasha felt worried to move back to Jamaica since she thought Jamaica was an unsafe country. Therefore, she tried hard to fulfill her safety needs by finding help to cancel the deportation. And since Natasha is trying so hard not to have to move to Jamaica, she needs people by her side to support her and she got it from her friend, Bev, and also Daniel. Especially Daniel, a stranger who she just met, but he could give good support when she was feeling frustrated because of her deportation problem. And later, Daniel became her lover. Even though, when Natasha finally moved back to Jamaica, their relationship slowly was cut off, Natasha, who also still had to try to fulfill her love and belonging needs, was still able to fulfill it from her family and friends in Jamaica.

CONCLUSION
It was also not really hard for Natasha to fulfill her physiological needs when she arrived and lived in Jamaica. When it comes to fulfilling the safety needs, a motivation to fight her rights, as well as her family's rights to remain in America, like other American citizens, arises in Natasha. For the next needs, that is love and belonging needs, same like physiological needs, Natasha could fulfill it easily because she could give and receive love from her best friend, Bev, and also from her boyfriend, Daniel. Even though, after she moved back to Jamaica, she slowly lost contact with them, but in Jamaica, Natasha could still fulfill her love and belonging needs by having a Jamaican family and friends there.
Then, for the esteem needs, she tried to accept the fact that she and her family had to be deported from America and started their new life in Jamaica. Last, for the selfactualization needs, Natasha was also successful to fulfill it since she could find her passion in the study of physics.
From the five stages of needs of the hierarchy of needs, Natasha could successfully fulfill all of those needs, although there were some obstacles that she had to face.
Furthermore, from those five needs, the dominant needs that Natasha tried to fulfill are safety and love and belonging needs. It can be said so because as an undocumented immigrant who was about to be deported, Natasha had a great desire to live in America since she thought that Jamaica was an unsafe place for her and her family. That way, she tried so many things to fulfill her safety needs so that the deportation could be canceled.
And for the love and belonging needs, as an undocumented immigrant who was about to be deported, Natasha felt that not many people love her, but even so, with the problem that she faced, Natasha could still get or give love from and also for her friends and family, both in America and Jamaica.