STUDYING THE HUMAN SCALE AND PROPORTIONALITY OF GREAT MOSQUE IN JAWA TIMUR, INDONESIA

The proportion and scale of humans in the building are one of the invoices in shaping the beauty and effectiveness of the function of the building. In architecture, there is a golden ratio as a reference for calculating the proportions of a shape. While in Indonesia, especially in Java and Bali, there is a traditional measurement method for developing a building, using body anatomy measurements. This study uses the Golden Ratio and Traditional Measurement methods to analyze the dimensions of the prayer room at the Great Mosque in East Java with case studies of the Lamongan Great Mosque, Tuban Great Mosque, and Gresik Jamee Mosque. The results obtained from this study for the dimensions of the existing prayer room with the largest percentage approaching the golden ratio are the prayer room of the Great Mosque of Lamongan (82%) and the smallest is the Jami Gresik Mosque (61.8%). While the dimensions of the prayer room need adjustments to be more effective in meeting the human scale in performing prayers, traditional measurement methods that approach modern measurements use "kilan" and "hasta." From these results, it is hoped that in the future, mosque planning can pay attention to the proportions and dimensions of the human scale, both with modern and traditional measurements, which are the local wisdom of the local culture.


INTRODUCTION
In architecture, the size of a building is very important, especially related to the proportion of humans as residents and users of the building [1]. Humans instinctively follow and imitate the natural surroundings as a reference in developing a building. The proportion of good and correct sizes in buildings is important for comfort in carrying out activities [2]. A good proportion may also enhance the beauty of the facade in terms of building visualization [3].
The theory about the size of a building can be referred to as the Golden Ratio, which was applied to classical buildings during the Renaissance era and is very much related to ergonomics [4] and anthropometry [5] of the perpetrators of these building activities [6].
In architecture, scale and proportion are very important. Proportion refers to the harmonious relationship between one part and another, while scale refers to the size of one with the other [7].
Previous researches in the field of human proportion and scale are commonly using qualitative and quantitative methods. The differences between architectural research and other fields lie in the desired method and purpose related to the field of mathematics [8]. The quantitative method is used to find the "proportion of ratio." In contrast, the architecture uses qualitative methods to focus on the quality of the scale proportion to the function of the building and the beauty it produces, where the goal is to find a "proportion of beauty" [9]. In traditional Javanese and Balinese architecture [10], [11] there are measurement methods with limbs as a determinant of the dimensions of their buildings that use body anatomy, including; Depa (a unit of length based on the length of the hand from the tip of the finger), Hasta (a unit of length based on the tip of the finger to the tip of the elbow), Kilan (a unit of length based on the length of the little finger to the thumb when stretched), Tapak (a unit of length based on the sole from heel to toe), Kaki (Unit of measure based on two fists with the junction of the two thumbs extending) [12], which is explained in Table 1.
These Javanese Traditional units of measure, when synchronized with modern anthropometry in literature [14], identify that the activities of praying may be translated into traditional measurements. For example, the type of activity carried out in the prayer room, such as performing prayers, is done by its standard, among others: for an adult human standing 87.5 cm, bowing 87.5 cm, sitting cross-legged + 75 cm, and prostrating 120 cm. The dimensions are shown in Figure 1, Figure   The dimensions of people standing praying who can close the shaf or line of prayer are 55-60 cm, with a prostration room of 120-130 cm [16]. It can be concluded that to make the activity of standing in prayer can form a tight line. The Great Mosque is a relic of local wisdom in the field of architecture in Indonesia, especially in Java [17]. The Great Mosque and 3 other elements, namely Alun-Alun [18], Pendhopo, and the Market, are one unit in the "Catur Gatra Tunggal" [19]. The Great Mosque itself has the characteristics of traditional Javanese architecture, which uses the "Soko Guru" wood structure building technology as the main structure [20]. The typology of the location is shown in Figure 4. From the narrative above, we get a research gap to analyze the dimensions of space with references from the West, namely the golden section and traditional Javanese measurement units that use body measurements so that an ideal proportion can be produced according to the human scale.
The purpose of this research is to study whether the application of the concept of the golden ratio and the use of the human scale; in this case, the method used is the traditional measurement which is applied to the size of the room, shape, and proportion, especially in the prayer room.

METHODS
This research covers the Great Mosque of Tuban, the Great Mosque of Lamongan, and the Jamee Mosque of Gresik, the three local great mosques. The method for determining the human scale and proportions in this study is based on the golden ratio method and traditional Javanese unit measurements. Figure 5 shows the location of the districts of  Lamongan, Tuban, and Gresik on the island of Java, Indonesia. This method focuses on the plan of the mosque, especially in the main prayer room, which emphasizes the dimensions of the prayer room.
There are several ways to measure the golden ratio; the first is by comparing two sizes, a and b. The two sizes of a and b (with conditions a is bigger than b) are said to have a golden ratio if the comparison between the two quantities is the same as the total ratio of the two (a+b).
The golden ratio will be obtained if the long part divided by the short part equals the length of the original line divided by the long part, as shown in Figure 6. A golden ratio is an irrational number with a value of 1.61803398874989484820… whose digits continue to increase without a certain pattern [21]. However, the equation a/b = (a + b) /a, as in the example of dividing the line above, must always be fulfilled.

Figure 6. Golden ratio formula that can produce irrational numbers [22]
The second way is by simulating a rectangular line shown in Figure 7. An ideal width of an area can be determined based on the square line simulation method of the golden ratio. Assuming lines A to B is the longest line in a certain area, the ideal width is determined by:  Table 2. Therefore, the next step is the comparison of the body size of the activities in the prayer (Figures 1 and Figure  2) are then compared with the existing dimensions of the prayer room, intending to know the ideal dimensions that can be suggested in the prayer room at the Great Mosque so that the main activities in the prayer room are more effective and appropriate with need.

CASE STUDY THE GREAT MOSQUE OF LAMONGAN
The Great Mosque of Lamongan was built around 1908 AD [23]. The initial building of the mosque is in the middle, with a size of 18.5 x 21 m, then a prayer room expansion building in the west with a size of 15.8 x 21 m, and a new building in the south. 47 x 18 m. The tower's location is in the east, with a main door on the east side as the main door for male and female worshipers, while on the south side, the entrance is for male worshipers.

THE GREAT MOSQUE OF TUBAN
The Great Mosque of Tuban was built in 1894 [25]. The first renovation was carried out using the services of a Dutch architect, B.O.W.H.M. Toxopeus [26]. The initial building is in the center with a European architectural style, with the dimensions of the prayer room 23.1 x 20.9 m. Then the prayer area is added to the left and right sides of the initial prayer room so that it has dimensions of 47.85 x 23.1 m. In the east, there are 4 towers and an expansion of the mosque in the form of a porch with a membrane umbrella roof covering.

FLOOR PLAN ANALYSIS TROUGH HUMAN SCALE STUDY WITH GOLDEN RATIO THE GREAT MOSQUE OF LAMONGAN
According to the golden section analysis, the Lamongan Great Mosque has a main prayer room in the initial building with 18.5 x 21 m dimensions. The plan of the Great Mosque has the longest side of 21 m. If using line analysis, it is found that the appropriate dimension of the golden section is 12.97 m. If using the ratio, then 21/12.97 = 1.619, close to the value of the golden section ratio. This is also by the additional prayer room because it has the same dimensions as the long side, which is 21 m.

THE GREAT MOSQUE OF TUBAN
In the plan of the main prayer room of the Great Mosque of Tuban with the longest side of 23.1 m, if analyzed using the intersection of the golden section, the ideal dimension is 23.1 x 14.25, which is found in Figure 15, green.  In an additional prayer room with the longest side being 14.6 m, the ideal dimensions for the floor plan are 14.6 m x 9.02, as shown in Figure 16 green squares.
The ratio between the main prayer room plan calculated based on the golden section is 23.1/14.25 = 1.621 and that of the additional prayer room 14.6/9.02 = 1.618. The result of the division is close to the golden ratio of 1.618.

THE JAMEE MOSQUE OF GRESIK
The Jamee Mosque of Gresik has a square plan shape, with dimensions of 20 x 20 m. Using a square side that has a length of 20 m, the following analysis is obtained: The results of the intersection of the analysis lines of the golden section found that the ideal dimension for the 20 m long side is 12.36 m. In other words, the ratio between 20/12.36 is 1.618, close to the golden ratio.

FLOOR PLAN ANALYSIS TROUGH HUMAN SCALE STUDY WITH ANTHROPOMETRY AND TRADITIONAL
Analysis using anthropometrics is used to find the ideal dimensions based on the size of the human body. For example, it is known from the literature study above that the needs of individuals in the prayer room for their activities require dimensions of 80 cm x 120 cm, as shown in Table 3. divided into more detailed measurements because it only relies on body parts so that the size becomes simpler, as in Table 4.

THE GREAT MOSQUE OF LAMONGAN
The  Table 5 below:  (Figure 18).
As for the western prayer room, which has dimensions of 15.8 m, there are 13.17 rows (shafs) with 35 people standing and 26.25 people sitting in each row (shaf). Therefore, to complete the line, the recommended prayer room dimensions are 21 m x 15.6 m.  Table 6. It is explained that the conversion of the dimensions of the prayer room to traditional units that are close to the size according to the literature is to use the measurement method with cubits and kilns, which can get 35 people in one row (shaf) in both the central and western prayer rooms, 13, 17 rows (shafs) for the west prayer room and 15.71 rows (shafs) in the central prayer room.  of people in each row can be concluded from Table 7 below.  Table 7 shows that the main prayer room can accommodate 38.35 people in each row and make 17.42 rows, while the additional room can accommodate 24.33 people in each row and make 11.25 rows. The above analysis results can produce recommendations for effective dimensions for the prayer room. The main prayer room is 23.4 m x 21.6 m, accommodating 39 people in each row (shaf) and 17 rows (shafs). At the same time, the additional prayer room on the right and left sides of the ideal dimension is 15 m x 14.4 m, which can accommodate 25 people in each row and 12 rows (shafs), which can be simulated in Figure 19.

THE GREAT MOSQUE OF TUBAN
In Table 8, it is known that the traditional measurement method that is close to the dimensions of activity needs is using cubits and kilns, in the main prayer room makes 38.5 people in one row (shaf) and makes 17.42 rows. The additional prayer room makes 24.33 people in each row (shaf) and 11.25 rows (shafs) in the room.

THE JAMEE MOSQUE OF GRESIK
The Jamee Mosque of Gresik has the dimensions of a prayer room with dimensions of 20 m and 20 m, meaning that 20 m has the same dimensions to calculate the number of rows (shafs) and the number of people in each row. The analysis in Table 9 shows that the prayer room can accommodate 33.33 people in each row (shaf) and form 16.67 rows (shafs).    Table 10 shows that the traditional measurement method is the same as the previous mosque, namely using cubits and kilns, in the main prayer room produces 33.33 people in one row (shaf) and 16.67 rows.

CONCLUSION
From the research above, in addition to being adapted to the function of the activity in the mosque, the beauty of the design, the human scale, and the proportions greatly affect the size of the prayer room.
The results of this study are summarized in Table  11. The dimensions of the plan, which refers to the golden ratio of the rectangular plan, having the longest and shortest sides when divided, will produce an irrational number of 1.618. Table 11 shows that the one with the largest percentage for the golden ratio is the western prayer room at the Lamongan Great Mosque, with 82%. In comparison, the smallest is the Jami Gresik Mosque Prayer Room, which is 61.8%. The floor plans of the Great Mosque of Lamongan, the Great Mosque of Tuban, and The Jamee Mosque of Gresik, have dimensions that do not meet the criteria of comparing the golden ratio and human scale. If referring to the golden ratio and human scale, the adjustment of the dimensions of the prayer room plan is contained in Table 12. The traditional measurement method in the mosque's prayer room uses "hasta" and "kilan" more effectively. This is because the results of the division of the number of prayer rooms are almost the same as the distribution using modern measurements found in the literature, while "depo" and "kaki" have the same results. The division of the number of prayer rooms is less, and "pecak" has the result of dividing the number of prayer rooms more.
Measurement using this traditional method has a weakness, namely that there is no standard, making it less relevant for use in the modern era. Previous research using the measurement method with the golden section to analyze the mosque plan was carried out by Mustofa [22], who researched mosques in Erbil, while this study used a combination of Western methods, golden sections, and local wisdom measurement methods [12], which used the size of the human body, making this research an effort to review the local architectural culture.