STUDY OF THE STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ZnO AND Cu-DOPED ZnO PELLETS AS ALTERNATIVE THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR ELEMENT

Prastika Ramadhani, Autia Nurul Pujianti, Akbar Sujiwa, Nur Aini Fauziyah

Abstract


In this study, a flexible thermoelectric generator (FTEG) based on ZnO was developed, employing an intrinsically n-type ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO, which is expected to modify the electrical properties of ZnO toward p-type behavior. The ZnO:Cu samples were synthesized using the sol-gel method and subsequently characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and electrical measurement. The UV-Vis result shows a reduction in band gap energy from 3.28 eV for ZnO to 3.12 eV for ZnO:Cu. This decrease indicates successful doping, which reduces the band gap energy and facilitates electron excitation from the valence band to the conduction band at room temperature. Electrical measurements reveal that ZnO:Cu pellets generate higher voltages compared to pure ZnO, suggesting that Cu doping effectively improves the electrical sensitivity of the material. In addition, the polishing process also affects the electrical output, where polished pellets exhibit higher voltage values than unpolished ones. Overall, the results indicate that Cu doping enhances the electrical properties of ZnO-based thermoelectric materials, highlighting their potential application as constituent materials in FTEG devices.

Keywords


ZnO; Cu-doped ZnO; Thermoelectric; Semiconductor; Band gap

Full Text:

PDF

References


1. Kharisma A, Pinandita S, Jayanti AE. Literature Review: Kajian Potensi Energi Surya Alternatif Energi Listrik. J En Baru & Terbarukan. 2024;5(2):145–54. doi:10.14710/jebt.2024.23956

2. Setyono JS, Mardiansjah FH, Astuti MFK. POTENSI PENGEMBANGAN ENERGI BARU DAN ENERGI TERBARUKAN DI KOTA SEMARANG. JURNAL RIPTEK. 2019;13(2):177–86.

3. Paturu RO, Yulianingrum AV. Urgensi Pengembangan Kebijakan Energi Baru dan Terbarukan Dalam Rangka Ketahanan Energi Nasional. JIPSI. 2023;2(2):170–82. doi:10.58540/jipsi.v2i2.376

4. Tabaie Z, Omidvar A. Human body heat-driven thermoelectric generators as a sustainable power supply for wearable electronic devices: Recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Heliyon. 2023;9(4):1–20. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14707

5. Lapalutu T, Arbie A. KONVERSI ENERGI TERMAL HASIL PEMBAKARAN ECENG GONDOK (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPPES) MENJADI ENERGI LISTRIK MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM TERMOELEKTRIK GENERATOR. Jurnal Inovasi Fisika Indonesia (IFI). 2025;14(1):1–12.

6. Yang S, Li Y, Deng L, Tian S, Yao Y, Yang F, et al. Flexible thermoelectric generator and energy management electronics powered by body heat. Microsyst Nanoeng. 2023;9(1):106. doi:10.1038/s41378-023-00583-3

7. Zoui MA, Bentouba S, Stocholm JG, Bourouis M. A Review on Thermoelectric Generators: Progress and Applications. Energies. 2020;13(14):3606. doi:10.3390/en13143606

8. Rizaldi R, Edahwati L. Analisa Termoelektrik Generator Dan Motor DC + Kipas Dengan Perbedaan Alas Konduktor Dari Sumber Energi Panas. flywheel. 2022;13(2):14–22. doi:10.36040/flywheel.v13i2.5853

9. Muharnif M, Umurani K, Nasution FAA. Analisis Termoelektrik Generator (TEG ) Sebagai Pembangkit Listrik Bersekala Kecil Terhadap Perbedaan Temperatur. Jurnal Rekayasa Material, Manufaktur dan Energi. 2022;5(1):26–32.

10. Diki M, Hadi CF, Lestari RF, Nalandari R. Pemanfaatan Termoelektrik Sebagai Sumber Energi Terbarukan. ZTR. 2022;4(1):23–5. doi:10.36526/ztr.v4i1.1913

11. Isa PC, Arbie A, Setiawan DGE, Demulawa M, Kurniasari S, Yunus M. ANALISIS PEMANFAATAN BIOMASSA LIMBAH BATANG PADI MENJADI ENERGI LISTRIK MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM TERMOELEKTRIK GENERATOR. BIOCHEPHY:JSE. 2025;5(1):296–301. doi:10.52562/biochephy.v5i1.1477

12. Guo R, Shi W, Guo R, Yang C, Chen Y, Wang Y, et al. A Novel PDMS-Based Flexible Thermoelectric Generator Fabricated by Ag2Se and PEDOT:PSS/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with High Output Performance Optimized by Embedded Eutectic Gallium–Indium Electrodes. Nanomaterials. 2024;14(6):542. doi:10.3390/nano14060542

13. Sulaiman S, Sudin I, Al-Naib UMB, Omar MF. Review of the Nanostructuring and Doping Strategies for High-Performance ZnO Thermoelectric Materials. Crystals. 2022;12(8):1076. doi:10.3390/cryst12081076

14. Supu I, Odde NNS, Hala A. SINTESIS SEMIKONDUKTOR ZnO UNDOPED DAN DOPED Cu2+ DENGAN VARIASI TEMPERATUR KALSINASI MENGGUNAKAN METODE SOL-GEL. Cokroaminoto Journal of Chemical Science. 2022;4(2):9–13.

15. Anugrah MR, Prayitno TB, Suhendar H. PERBANDINGAN PERFORMA ALGORITMA RANDOM FOREST REGRESSOR DAN XGBOOST REGRESSOR DALAM PREDIKSI BAND GAP MATERIAL SEMIKONDUKTOR SILIKON. PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL FISIKA (E-JOURNAL). 2025;13.

16. Ningsih SKW. SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI NANOPARTIKEL ZnO DOPED Cu2+ MELALUI METODA SOL-GEL. EKSAKTA. 2017;18(02):39–51. doi:10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss02/51

17. Siagian SM, Khairani S, Chrisna Hs S, Tampubolon FR. SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISTIK SIFAT OPTIK SEMIKONDUKTOR ZnO DAN ZnO DOPPING Cu. Orb J Pend Ilm Fis. 2022;8(1):79. doi:10.31764/orbita.v8i1.8406

18. Irsyad A, Sanjaya H. PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI DOPPING CuO DAN ADITIF MONOETHANOLAMINE (MEA) PADA SINTESIS NANOPARTIKEL ZnO DAN UJI AKTIVITAS FOTOKATALITIKNYA. Journal of Research and Education Chemistry. 2025;7(1):66–74.

19. Ghahramanifard F, Rouhollahi A, Fazlolahzadeh O. Electrodeposition of Cu-doped p-type ZnO nanorods; effect of Cu doping on structural, optical and photoelectrocatalytic property of ZnO nanostructure. Superlattices and Microstructures. 2018;114:1–14. doi:10.1016/j.spmi.2017.07.019

20. Feng B, Li G, Hou Y, Zhang C, Jiang C, Hu J, et al. Enhanced thermoelectric properties of Sb-doped BiCuSeO due to decreased band gap. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017;712:386–93. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.04.121

21. Muntini MS, Afiyanti MM, Oktaviantoni FF, Namhongsab W, Ruamrukb S, Khottummee N, et al. Fabrikasi Modul Termoelektrik Generator (TEG) menggunakan Semikonduktor Tipe-p SbTe dan Tipe-n BiTe. JFA. 2020;16(1):61. doi:10.12962/j24604682.v16i1.6216

22. Xu Y, Wu B, Hou C, Li Y, Wang H, Zhang Q. Reconfigurable flexible thermoelectric generators based on all‐inorganic MXene/Bi2 Te3 composite films. FlexMat. 2024;1(3):248–57. doi:10.1002/flm2.28

23. Maddu A, Zetria Zikri, Irzaman I. Structure and Morphology of ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by Sonochemical Method. timeinphys. 2023;1(2):51–8. doi:10.11594/timeinphys.2023.v1i2p51-58

24. Alatawi NM, Saad LB, Soltane L, Moulahi A, Mjejri I, Sediri F. Enhanced solar photocatalytic performance of Cu-doped nanosized ZnO. Polyhedron. 2021;197:115022. doi:10.1016/j.poly.2021.115022

25. Das BK, Das T, Parashar K, Parashar SKS. Structural, optical and dielectric study of Cu doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesised by high energy ball milling. Int J Nano and Biomaterials. 2017;7(2):140–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1504/IJNBM.2017.090131

26. Joshi BC, Chaudhri AK. Sol–Gel-Derived Cu-Doped ZnO Thin Films for Optoelectronic Applications. ACS Omega. 2022;7(25):21877–81. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c02040

27. Ijaz U, Siyar M, Park C. The power of pores: review on porous thermoelectric materials. RSC Sustainability. 2024;2(4):852–70. doi:10.1039/D3SU00451A

28. Tristiana AL, Sembiring S, Simanjuntak W. Struktur Mikro dan Konduktivitas Listrik Keramik Kordierit dengan Penambahan Magnesium Oksida (0, 10, 15 wt %) Berbasis Silika Sekam Padi. Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Fisika. 2017;5(1):1–7.

29. Bishara H, Lee S, Brink T, Ghidelli M, Dehm G. Understanding Grain Boundary Electrical Resistivity in Cu: The Effect of Boundary Structure. ACS Nano. 2021;15(10):16607–15. doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c06367




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/neu.v19i1.38918

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2026 Prastika Ramadhani, Autia Nurul Pujianti, Akbar Sujiwa, Nur Aini Fauziyah

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 

Published By:
Physics Study Pragramme, Faculty of Science and Technolgy, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia
B.J. Habibie 2nd Floor
Jl. Gajayana No.50 Malang 65144
Telp./Fax.: (0341) 558933
Email: neutrino@uin-malang.ac.id

 

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 

View My Stats