Mapping the State of the Art of ESP32-Based Robotics for STEM Physics Education
Abstract
The rapid development of Industry 4.0 has driven increased the demand for physics education that fostes science process skills and problem-solving abilities through technology-integrated learning. This study surveys the current state of ESP32-based educational robotics integrated with STEM approaches in physics education and identifies research gaps. A systematic review was conducted on publications from 2020 to 2025 in reputable databases, including Scopus, Springer, IEEE Xplore, MDPI, and Taylor & Francis. Bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer examined research trends, thematic patterns, and emerging topics. Results reveal a surge in studies on STEM, educational robotics, and IoT, though most focus on general learning outcomes, motivation, or conceptual frameworks. Few studies explicitly design ESP32-based robotic tools as experimental resources to support quantitative physics inquiry and science process skills. This review emphasizes the need for structured ESP32-based robotics combined with STEM and project-based learning to improve data-driven physics experiments. The results offer a conceptual foundation for future research in STEM-based physics learning media.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/experiment.v6i2.39766
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