Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Experienced by Said and Safeya in Ghassan Kanafani’s Aid Ila Haifa Based on The Perspective of Gerald C. Davison

: This study aims to determine the form, reveal the causes, and understand the impact of PTSD on Said and Safeya on individuals, families, and society in the novel Aid Ila Haifa. Data was collected using reading and note-taking techniques and analyzed descriptively qualitatively that focusing on the problem of PTSD with a literary psychology approach. The primary data source used is Ghassan Kanafani’s Aid Ila Haifa. This study was using the theory of abnormal psychology by Gerald C. Davison. This study reveals that the form of PTSD included in re-experiencing symptoms are crying, overlapping memories, and a faster heart rate. Included in the avoidance symptoms are denying the traumatic event and keeping their mouth shut over the whereabouts of their child. Meanwhile, hyperarousal symptoms include sudden outbursts of anger, excessive anxiety, and feeling panicked. The cause is a conflict environment and the loss of a son. The impact of PTSD experienced by Said and Safeya on individuals is prolonged sadness, trapped in fear, and loss of zest for life. The impact on the family is a cold attitude. Meanwhile, the impact on society is Said's attitude which forbids his son from joining the front for the defense of the state.


INTRODUCTION
The issue of mental health disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder is still taboo for some people. it becomes a stigma that can have a bad impact on the sufferer. labeling, exclusion, and stereotypes against sufferers cause sufferers to be silent. The low understanding of mental health causes people to only care about physical health. In fact, both have a vital role in life. As a consequence, a person's risk for certain diseases or conditions also increases due to poor mental health (Choresyo, Nulhaqim, & Wibowo, 2015, p. 383). If left untreated, even the slightest psychiatric disorder can last a lifetime and affect a person's quality of life (Hawari, 2011, p. 44). This is directly proportional to Hatta's statement (2016, p. 3) who said that traumatic events due to violence, rape, and threats that came individually or en masse such as armed conflict and natural disasters are one of the psychological wounds that are very dangerous for people's lives because they can cause brain disorders that reduce intellectual, emotional, and mental abilities. behavior.
Therefore, the discussion related to posttraumatic stress disorder in this study is considered important to be studied in-depth, to understand and increase sensitivity to the mental condition of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.
The choice of the theme of post-traumatic stress disorder in Ghassan Kanafani's novel Aid Ila Haifa is based on the story in the novel which is set in the conflict in the Palestinian territories in 1948 which is also known as the year of the Nakba. The characters in the novel named Said and Safeya are described as parents who have experienced severe trauma. They were caught in the middle of the war, and witnessed fighting, bombardment, and bloodshed, to the point that they were separated from their fivemonth-old child. After 20 years, when they finally managed to step back onto Haifa's land, the bitter memories immediately haunted their minds (Kanafani, 1969, pp. 1-76). The trauma caused their response to become negative stress which made the characters Said and Safeya experience a psychological disorder known as a posttraumatic stress disorder. This novel clearly illustrates that living in conflict or living in a war zone can result in deep trauma.
This study uses Gerald C. Davison's abnormal psychology theory which states that posttraumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that occurs because a person experiences, witnesses, or is confronted with an event that involves endangering a person's life, serious injury, or a threat to one's physical integrity or self. others so that the person exhibits responses of fear, extreme horror, and helplessness. When a traumatic event is experienced by a person, it will respond and overcome it with the recovery mechanism that is owned so that it does not have a negative impact in the future. But certain people can't solve it so that it leaves scars for a long period of time and then affects their behavior (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, pp. 223-225).
There are similarities and differences between previous research and this research. The similarities lie in the theory used, while the difference lies in the object of research and several points: Azis' research (2019) focuses on the role of social life in the healing process of posttraumatic stress disorder; Yuliana and Sutrino's research (2019) and Sakinatun and Indriyani's research (2019) focuses more on the types of post-traumatic stress disorder and the character's response to traumatic events; research by Vasantadjaja (2017), Satriawan and Rahayu (2020), Nugraha (2020), and Gumelar and Hermaawati (2020) Davison (2018, p. 224) suggests that post-traumatic stress disorder is defined by a group of symptoms. However, unlike other definitions of psychological disorders, the definition of post-traumatic stress disorder includes part of the assumption of its etiology, namely an event or several traumatic events experienced or witnessed directly by a person in the form of death or death threats, serious injury, or threats to one's physical integrity or self. The incident must create extreme fear, horror, or a sense of helplessness. A traumatic event is defined as something that occurs outside the range of human experience. This definition is very limited, as it would invalidate the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder after an event such as a car accident or the death of a loved one. The current broader definition is very limited because it focuses on the objective characteristics of events and not on their subjective meaning.

SYMPTOMS OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
According to Davison (2018, p. 224), symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder are grouped into three main categories. The diagnosis can be made if the symptoms in each category last for more than one month. The explanation is as follows: a. Re-experiencing symptoms Re-experiencing symptoms such as reliving a traumatic event. A person who experiences post-traumatic stress disorder feels haunted by memories of the traumatic event that has occurred. The memory of the traumatic event feels as real as if it happened again. This is called a flashback.
Deep emotional suffering is caused by the stimuli that symbolize the event. For example, lightning reminds a veteran of the battlefield (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 225). b. Avoidance symptoms Avoidance symptoms are a person's attempts to avoid a traumatic event. Someone who experiences post-traumatic stress disorder tries to prevent something that has something in common from triggering someone to remember the traumatic event they have experienced. A person will try to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations related to the trauma, in an attempt to avoid activities, places, or people that evoke memories of the trauma. (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 225). c. Hyper-arousal symptoms People with post-traumatic stress disorder feel alert after a traumatic event has occurred. This is called increased emotional arousal. According to Davison (2018, p. 225), sufferers of post-traumatic stress disorder will have difficulty sleeping, irritability, sudden outbursts of anger, deep sadness, anxiety, and difficulty concentrating.

CAUSES OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Research and theory on the causes of post-traumatic stress disorder focus on risk factors for the disorder as well as on psychological and biological factors. Gerald C. Davison (2018, pp. 227-228), argues, that there are four factors that cause posttraumatic stress disorder, namely: a. Genetic factor In a family, anxiety disorders tend to occur. People with grade one anxiety disorder have a greater risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder.
However, according to Gerald C. Davison, genetic factors are not the main factor causing posttraumatic stress disorder (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 228). b. Brain structure Certain areas of the brain regulate emotions and fear differently from people who do not experience post-traumatic stress disorder after a traumatic event. The amygdala is the fear center of the brain. It's understandable that people with PTSD have an overreactive amygdala. The amygdala helps the brain make connections between situations that could have provoked fear in the past and pair them with current states that are biasedly neutral. Then a person maintains a constant state of alert in inappropriate situations because at that time the brain instructs the individual that the security situation is facing a threat. (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 228). c. Environmental factor The environment in which people spend their lives has an important role in developing one's personality. Many events occur that can affect his life. If a person lives in the right environment, then his life has many Beautiful moments and can lead a normal life. A person can develop and over time can solve problems, as well as have a positive effect on future life. On the other hand, if a person grows up in an unsupportive childhood environment, such as living in a conflict area, domestic violence occurs, parents divorce, and so on. Then, someone will have difficulty experiencing personality development (Hatta, 2016, p. 48).
People who have a history of trauma and stress are more likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder than people who don't have a history of trauma and stress. Children born to families that often commit violence can also be one of the factors that cause post-traumatic stress disorder. Another example, is someone who lives in an area of conflict or war has a high tendency to experience posttraumatic stress disorder (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 228). d. Psychological factors People who suffer from certain mental illnesses, especially depression and anxiety, have a higher risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder. For example, the loss of someone very loved. This can cause stress to develop into post-traumatic stress disorder (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 228).

IMPACT OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
There are several effects experienced by people who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. According to Davison (2018, pp. 229-230), Posttraumatic stress disorder causes changes in a person, both changes in feelings, changes in thought patterns, and changes in behavior. The explanation is as follows: a. Change of feeling Feelings change of a person experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder such as having feelings of anxiety, having great fear, feeling sad, erratic mood swings, irritability or feelings of frustration due to small things, having a feeling that the life of people with post-traumatic stress disorder is in vain , and feel alert of a person experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder such as having feelings of anxiety, having great fear, feeling sad, erratic mood swings, irritability or feelings of frustration due to small things, having a feeling that the life of people with posttraumatic stress disorder is in vain , and feel alert (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 229). b. Change of mind Someone who experiences post-traumatic stress disorder has an impact on changing a person's mind. Such as, always thinking that the traumatic event always happened and is always remembered, having nightmares while sleeping, the sufferer is unable to accept reality, and has difficulty concentrating until he is unable to think clearly. (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 229). c. Changes of behavior A person with post-traumatic stress disorder affects his behavior changes. Such as, erratic heartbeat, loss of appetite, difficulty in breathing, being uninteractive when invited to communicate, difficulty sleeping, shaking when remembering traumatic events that have been experienced, avoiding social relationships and limiting oneself, easily startled, feeling dizzy and losing consciousness. (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 230).
This research is a qualitative descriptive study because it relies on data narration and description (Aminuddin, 1990, p. 16). Sources of data used in this study are primary and secondary data sources. The primary data source used was the novel by Ghassan Kanafani entitled Aid Ila Haifa which was published in 1969. The secondary data sources used in this study included books, journals, and articles relevant to post-traumatic stress disorder, especially the perspective of Gerald C. Davison. In collecting data the researcher used reading and note-taking techniques. After the data is collected, the researcher analyzes the data using content analysis techniques, which are techniques that focus on revealing the meaning of a literary work (Endraswara, 2008, h. 161).

FORMS OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ON SAID AND SAFEYA
Post-traumatic stress disorder in Davison's perspective is determined by several symptoms that are grouped into three main categories, namely reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal. The diagnosis can be made if the symptoms last for more than one month (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 224 Safeya started crying since she heard the waves when she entered the Haifa area. She seemed to see the same waves crashing as 20 years ago, where she met her husband in the middle of a sea of people. The crashing waves reminded her of the last time she was in Haifa and had to leave her baby behind because it was impossible to break through the sea of people and armed groups.
The sound of the waves crashing has a connection with the traumatic event experienced. This triggers Safeya's memories of the terrible memories he has ever experienced. Safeya's response to crying because of the similarity in the place and atmosphere of the traumatic event caused painful memories to return so in Gerald C. Davison As Said traversed the streets of Haifa in his car, he saw that the streets were still the same, stoneby-stone, junction after junction that was so familiar that it made him feel the smell of war still lingering in his homeland. Seeing the faces of the townspeople looking rough and brutal also reminded him even more of the Nakba incident which made him homeless and his son who was only five months old at that time.
3. Faster heart rate A faster heartbeat is a form of post-traumatic stress disorder that starts with re-experiencing symptoms. When a person is faced with a situation that is considered dangerous and threatening, the human body will produce the hormone adrenaline, where this hormone can cause various effects, one of which is making the heartbeat faster than usual. In the novel Aid Ila Haifa, it is told that Safeya, Said's wife, wants to return to Haifa so that she can cure her longing for her homeland. But Said never discussed it. Even when Safeya invited Said to go on a trip to Haifa, Said avoided the conversation, although after a lengthy discussion, in the end, Said agreed to his wife's wish.
Said's quiet and evasive behavior when Safeya talks about events 20 years ago shows that he is trying to avoid things that can trigger memories of the traumatic event. In Davison's point of view, Said's behavior is included in avoidance symptoms, where a person will avoid activities that evoke memories of trauma (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 225 Said and Safeya avoided mentioning the name Khaldoun, the name of their baby boy who 20 years ago could not save them. After the Nakba, they never mentioned his name. Several times when the husband and wife spoke of Khaldoun, they simply changed the name to a third pronoun. They even refused to name their child Khaldoun. To avoid things that trigger memories of the trauma, Said and Safeya kept silent to their children. Neither of them ever told their children that they actually had an older brother named Khaldoun. Said and Safeya's attitude that they never spoke anything about Khaldoun to their children showed that they were avoiding anything that would remind them of the Nakba incident that caused them to lose their son, Khaldoun, in Gerald C. Davison's point of view, including avoidance symptoms. Davison explains that a person with post-traumatic stress disorder will avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations related to the trauma (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 225). c. Hyperarousal symptoms The researcher found several forms of post-traumatic stress disorder experienced by Said and Safeya in Aid Ila Haifa, namely sudden outbursts of anger, excessive anxiety, and feeling panicked. The explanation is as follows: 1. Sudden outbursts of anger The form of post-traumatic stress disorder experienced by Said and Safeya in the novel Aid Ila Haifa which is classified as hyperarousal is a sudden outburst of anger. As people with post-traumatic stress disorder experience increased alertness, Said becomes emotionally and physically exhausted which causes outbursts of anger over small things.
When Said and Safeya visit their old house to have a look, they meet the new occupant of the house named Miriam, the widow of an Israeli soldier who came from Bologna 20 years ago. There was no riot that day. Their arrival was warmly welcomed by Miriam. Miriam told me that she came to Haifa in early March 1948. Said told Miriam that the whereabouts of Miriam and her old house were another matter. Miriam responded with a 'but', but because of Miriam's simple words, Said felt threatened and suddenly uttered a sentence in an angry tone as if he was overcome by danger. This was triggered by Miriam telling about how she was finally given a place to live by a Jewish organization in April 1948 on the condition that she had to adopt baby Khaldoun who Said could not take to run away with his wife. The story evokes Said's trauma.
Said's response in the form of anger at Miriam by shouting the word 'but' was triggered by two things, namely the fact that Miriam came to Haifa in the same year as the Nakba incident and the second was the fact that Khaldoun had lived and grown together for twenty years. someone who is not from his people, but from the people of his enemies. This causes Said to explode with anger, although Miriam welcomes him. This is in accordance with Davison's statement, which asserts that sufferers of post-traumatic stress disorder will experience an increase in emotional arousal, where a person will feel always alert (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 225).
The description of Said's behavior shows that Said has increased emotional arousal. He was wary of Khaldoun and Miriam because they became symbols that stimulated the traumatic event.
2. Feeling panicked Panic is a form of posttraumatic stress disorder which is included in hyperarousal symptoms. In the novel Aid Ila Haifa, Said is described as always filled with panic that does not go away even after 20 years of experiencing a traumatic event. Said's panic began when he was caught up in the battle of the Nakba. He was caught in a hail of bullets. He thought of his baby who was still lying in his house. And in the end, he separated. Over the years, Said had always felt a mysterious panic.
Excessive vigilance caused Said to be in a state of panic that did not go away. In Gerald C. Davison's view, the form of posttraumatic stress disorder in the form of panic that Said feels is included in hyperarousal symptoms, where the sufferer will experience increased emotional arousal (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 225).

CAUSES OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ON SAID AND SAFEYA
Based on the theory of abnormal psychology from the perspective of Gerald C. Davison, there are several factors that cause post-traumatic stress disorder, namely genetic factors, brain structure, environmental factors, and psychological factors (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 228). In the novel Aid Ila Haifa by Ghassan Kanafani, the researcher found two causes that triggered the emergence of post-traumatic stress disorder in Said and Safeya based on the perspective of Gerald C. Davison, namely the conflict environment and the loss of a son. a. Conflict environment Said and Safeya's experience of living in a war zone left him surrounded by so many negative things, such as destruction and death. Said's bad experience has caused his mental disorder to become insurmountable in his life after the dark event occurred. Said will be daunted if faced with a place, feeling, or atmosphere similar to the traumatic event he has experienced. It can be seen clearly that Haifa, the city where Said and Safeya lived, was a conflict environment which in that year was the culmination of the Jewish campaign to wipe out Palestine. The brutal attacks and massacres of civilians carried out by the Israeli army created panic, fear, and nightmares. Bombs that exploded across the city caused shops to be tightly closed. That fear continues to haunt Said to this day.
The fear that continues to haunt Said stems from a strange incident that he had witnessed firsthand. This is a risk that must be faced by Said, who lives in a conflict environment. This condition is in accordance with the thoughts of Gerald C. Davison (2018, p. 228), which reveals that someone who lives in a conflict area has a high tendency to experience post-traumatic stress disorder. b. Loss of a son Bad experiences such as witnessing the bloodshed firsthand and the loss of their five-month-old baby, have caused Said and Safeya's mental disorders to be insurmountable. Irritability and stress are included in psychological factors for people who suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder. A person who is depressed has a high risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder.
When Safeya was worrying about her husband's fate when the roar of war boomed from the city center, where her husband was. At that time her husband did not come home, so she rushed out of the safe place to look for her husband even though she did not know where to go. Arriving at the end of the road, his eyes watched every passing car. Footsteps dragged him from car to car, from person to person, asking questions without getting an answer. Unknowingly he had sunk into the sea of humans. It was then that he realized that he had left Khaldoun lying on the bed in Halisa.
As a result of the loss of her baby, Safeya's psychological condition is disturbed. The sadness and severe trauma that Safeya felt developed into posttraumatic stress disorder because even though it happened 20 years ago, the symptoms that indicate post-traumatic stress disorder still attack Safeya. The description of Safeya's psychological condition is in accordance with Davison's thinking which states that the loss of a loved one has a higher risk of experiencing stress which develops into post-traumatic stress disorder. (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 229).

IMPACT OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ON SAID AND SAFEYA
The impact of post-traumatic stress disorder is because the traumatic event affects the psychological condition. Some of the impacts that the researcher found in the novel Aid Ila Haifa by Ghassan Kanafani are impacts on individuals, families, and society. Gerald C. Davison classifies the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder into three categories, namely changes in feelings, changes in thoughts, and changes in behavior. (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 229 Said found Safeya crying while he was in the driver's seat. Safeya's cry shows that Safeya is filled with a lingering sadness. This feeling could not go away even though her husband's wish to return to Haifa was granted. As a result of that dark tragedy, he lost his world, namely his son and his homeland. This prolonged sadness is categorized by Gerald C. Davison in the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder, changes in feelings. Davison suggests that someone who suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder will have changes in feelings such as having feelings of anxiety, having great fear, feeling sad, erratic mood swings, irritability, and having a feeling that the life of sufferers of post-traumatic stress disorder is in vain (Davison). , Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 229 The suffering that Safeya felt caused by the atrocities of the tragedy 20 years ago is described as a giant figure residing in his body, head, heart, and imagination. Suffering haunts Safeya's days. This picture indicates that he is always stuck in fear and thinks that fear will never go away. In the view of Gerald C. Davison (2018, p.229), Safeya's condition shows that the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder he experienced is included in the category of mind changes.
3. Loss of zest for life Loss of zest for life is one of the effects of Said's posttraumatic stress disorder in the novel Aid Ila Haifa. The following data were found by researcher regarding the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on the individual character Said based on the perspective of Gerald C. Davison Said is described as looking gloomy and hopeless and losing his zest for life. The suffering he faced continued to linger throughout Said's days. The description of the problem that is always attached to every bite of food he swallows, also brings him to bed, shows that he feels very hopeless and loses his zest for life.
As a result of the cruel events that Said had experienced, he lost the will to live in life in the years that followed. This condition is in accordance with the theory of abnormal psychology in the perspective of Gerald C. Davison which states that post-traumatic stress disorder in a person will affect the behavior of the sufferer (Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2018, p. 230 The Nakba incident which has taken Safeya's happiness and peace have a bad impact on her in the form of post-traumatic stress disorder. This affects Safeya's daily activities. In the novel Aid Ila Haifa, it is explained that the suffering that Safeya feels has merged with Safeya, reflected in the wrinkles on her face, always accompanying her every step. Until the stares, she threw at her children and husband. The depiction shows that as a result of the suffering she experienced, Safeya was cold toward her family, and gave her an unpleasant look. Safeya's condition was in the form of throwing cold eyes at her family, as a result of the suffering she had experienced in the past. In Gerald C. Davison's point of view (2018, p. 230) it is the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder which is categorized into behavior change, because there is a significant change in behavior in safeya who was previously cheerful, became cold to her family after the traumatic event occurred. c. Society Post-traumatic stress disorder not only has an impact on yourself, but also has an impact on those around you. The impact of post-traumatic stress disorder on society depicted in Ghassan Kanafani's novel Aid Ila Haifa is Said forbidding his son Khalid from joining the national defense front.
Forbidding his son to join the brave death squad The following is the data found by researcher regarding the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder on the character Said in the novel Aid Ila Haifa on the community, namely said's action forbidding his son to join the brave force to die. Because said suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder, he always remembers how cruel the fighting was, so he lost his son Khaldoun. The distraction made her not want to lose Khalid, a child born one year after she lost Khaldoun. He tried to avoid the possibility of losing his son a second time by forbidding his son to join the death squad. If Khalid violates, Said will not hesitate not to admit him as a child. This action had an impact on society because Khalid's absence from the resistance movement meant it reduced the number of troops present in the community that was desperately needed even if it was only one person.

‫أن‬ ‫و‬
The community will feel the loss of Said's attitude forbidding his son to join the front for the defense of the state because it will reduce the number of troops in the community that are desperately needed even if it is only with one person. This could be a persuasive action against other communities to forbid their children from joining the defense front of the state. Based on the views of Gerald C. Davison (2018, p. 230), Said's actions fall into the category of the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder in the form of behavioral changes.
Post-traumatic stress disorder has a major role in changing the behavior of sufferers. The reluctance to lose a loved one for the second time causes the sufferer to have a high ego so that it can affect his life in society. Society can be harmed by the attitude of people with posttraumatic stress disorder.

CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis that has been done and described, the researcher concludes that the form of post-traumatic stress disorder in Said and Safeya is divided into three symptoms, namely: re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Forms included in the symptoms of re-experiencing are crying, overlapping memories, and a faster heart rate. Included in the symptoms of avoidance are denying the traumatic event and keeping their mouth shut over the whereabouts of their child. Meanwhile, the symptoms of hyperarousal include sudden outbursts of anger, excessive anxiety, and feeling panicked. The cause is a conflict