WHY ILLICIT ENRICHMENT REMAINS UNTOUCHABLE? Penal Culture and the Criminalization of Economic Crime in Comparative Perspective
Abstract
This article examines why illicit enrichment remains normatively pivotal yet legally and practically elusive within the contemporary anti-corruption regime. Despite the conceptual simplicity of penalizing unexplained wealth, this offense consistently encounters formidable constitutional objections, legality principles, and rigorous evidentiary thresholds. This study interrogates why illicit enrichment remains doctrinally recalcitrant despite being vigorously promoted by the UNCAC and global financial integrity agendas. It argues that the primary impediment lies not merely within formal legal doctrines, but rather within penal culture, how a constitutional system conceptualizes the moral legitimacy of inferring criminality from wealth and tolerates the shifting of evidentiary burdens. Utilizing a comparative doctrinal, historical, and institutional analysis of Indonesia, Spain, Colombia, and the United Kingdom, this research demonstrates that formal codification does not ensure enforcement efficacy. Illicit enrichment operates effectively only where the penal culture accommodates epistemic asymmetry (Colombia). Conversely, it is constrained by legal formalism (Spain), rejected by legality absolutism requiring a criminal predicate (UK), or perpetually suspended between systemic necessity and legality anxiety (Indonesia). This divergence proves that procedural safeguards and doctrinal caution frequently constrain international norms. Globally, this study contributes a novel theoretical model of penal culture that deconstructs the universalism of international anti-corruption norms, demonstrating that the success of legal transplantation depends entirely upon its compatibility with domestic penal cultures.
Artikel ini mengkaji mengapa illicit enrichment (peningkatan kekayaan secara tidak sah) tetap memiliki posisi normatif yang sangat penting namun secara hukum dan praktik tetap sulit diterapkan dalam rezim antikorupsi kontemporer. Meskipun secara konseptual pelanggaran ini sederhana, yaitu mempidanakan kekayaan yang tidak dapat dijelaskan, delik ini secara konsisten menghadapi keberatan konstitusional yang kuat, prinsip legalitas, serta standar pembuktian yang ketat. Studi ini menelaah mengapa illicit enrichment tetap bersifat sulit diadopsi secara doktrinal meskipun secara aktif didorong oleh UNCAC dan agenda integritas keuangan global. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa hambatan utama tidak semata-mata terletak pada doktrin hukum formal, melainkan pada budaya pemidanaan (penal culture), bagaimana suatu sistem konstitusional memaknai legitimasi moral dalam menarik kesimpulan kriminalitas dari kekayaan, serta sejauh mana sistem tersebut menerima pergeseran beban pembuktian. Dengan menggunakan analisis doktrinal komparatif, historis, dan institusional di Indonesia, Spanyol, Kolombia, dan Inggris, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kodifikasi formal tidak otomatis menjamin efektivitas penegakan hukum. Illicit enrichment hanya berfungsi secara efektif dalam konteks budaya pemidanaan yang menerima asimetri epistemik (Kolombia). Sebaliknya, penerapannya dibatasi oleh formalisme hukum yang ketat (Spanyol), ditolak oleh absolutisme asas legalitas yang mensyaratkan adanya tindak pidana dasar (criminal predicate) (Inggris), atau terus berada dalam posisi ambivalen antara kebutuhan sistemik dan kecemasan terhadap legalitas (Indonesia). Perbedaan ini membuktikan bahwa perlindungan prosedural dan kehati-hatian doktrinal sering kali membatasi efektivitas norma internasional. Secara global, studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa model teoretis baru tentang penal culture yang mendekonstruksi klaim universalisme norma antikorupsi internasional, dengan menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan transplantasi hukum sepenuhnya bergantung pada kesesuaiannya dengan budaya pemidanaan domestik.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/j.v17i1.37480
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