REFORMULATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES AND THE POSITION OF SINGLE-MEMBER COMPANIES IN REALIZING MASLAHAH-BASED LEGAL CERTAINTY

Abstract

The reform of the establishment of Limited Liability Companies (Perseroan Terbatas, PT) through the Job Creation Law and Government Regulation No. 8 of 2021 introduced the Single-Member Company (Perseroan Perorangan) as a new form of legal entity. However, this regulatory framework gives rise to a normative gap, reflected in the ambiguity of the position of the Single-Member Company within Indonesian legal entity theory, its inconsistency with the two-party principle in civil law, and the weakness of creditor protection and internal oversight. These shortcomings generate problems of legal certainty and public maslahah. This study aims to evaluate the historical–normative foundations of the requirements for establishing a PT, assess the relevance of the single-member establishment model, and formulate recommendations for legal reconstruction based on the principles of legal certainty and maslahah. Employing normative legal research with statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches, the study compares the structure of Single-Member Companies across various jurisdictions to identify international standards and normative gaps within Indonesian law. The findings indicate that the Single-Member Company model is compatible with modern legal entity theory, yet it has not provided adequate instruments of governance, reporting, and legal protection to prevent moral hazard and the commingling of assets. The contribution of this study lies in offering a normative reconstruction of PT establishment requirements that balances procedural simplification with the strengthening of maslahah-based legal certainty, so that PTs, whether founded by two or by a single founder, may function as institutional instruments that are fair and secure for the public.

Reformasi pendirian Perseroan Terbatas melalui Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja dan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 8 Tahun 2021 memperkenalkan Perseroan Perorangan sebagai bentuk badan hukum baru. Namun, regulasi ini menghadirkan gap normatif berupa ketidakjelasan posisi Perseroan Perorangan dalam teori badan hukum Indonesia, ketidaksinkronan dengan asas dua pihak dalam hukum perdata, serta lemahnya perlindungan bagi kreditur dan pengawasan internal, sehingga menimbulkan persoalan kepastian hukum dan kemaslahatan publik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi dasar historis-normatif syarat pendirian PT, menilai relevansi model pendirian satu orang, dan merumuskan rekomendasi rekonstruksi hukum berbasis prinsip kepastian hukum dan maslahah. Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, komparatif, dan konseptual, penelitian ini membandingkan struktur Single-Member Company/Perseroan Perorangan di berbagai yurisdiksi untuk mengidentifikasi standar internasional dan kekosongan dalam hukum Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model Perseroan Perorangan selaras dengan teori badan hukum modern, namun belum menyediakan instrumen tata kelola, pelaporan, dan perlindungan hukum yang memadai untuk mencegah moral hazard dan pencampuran aset. Kontribusi penelitian ini adalah memberikan rekonstruksi normatif syarat pendirian PT agar seimbang antara simplifikasi prosedural dan penguatan kepastian hukum berbasis maslahah, sehingga PT baik dua pendiri maupun satu pendiri, dapat menjadi instrumen kelembagaan yang adil dan aman bagi publik.