AN ANALYSIS OF COMMISSIVE SPEECH ACT USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE “KNIVES OUT” MOVIE

Commissive speech acts are speech acts that bind the speaker to carry out what is stated in the speech. This research aims to analyze the types and the functions of commisives speech acts used by the characters in the Knives Out movie. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive in which the research instrument is the researcher herself. The utterances were classified based on the theory proposed by Searle (1985) and Austin (1969). The utterances found in that movie are classified into six types of commisives speech act: the promise, guarantee, refusal, threat, volunteer, and offer. The results revealed there are 13 data found in the Knives Out film. The function that the characters mainly use in the film is an act of illocution. In contrast, from 13 data, the researcher found 6 types of commisive speech acts are found in the Knives Out movie: 2 utterances for guarantee (guarantee), 2 utterances for promises (promise), 2 utterances for offers (to offer), 3 utterances for refuse (refuse), 2 utterances for threats (threatening), and 2 utterances for volunteers (volunteers). Then, the commissive speech act that is mainly produced by the characters is rejection.


INTRODUCTION
The use of language and speech acts is not limited in number. It raises a variety of speech that varies according to the purpose and statement told. One of which methods used in communicating the information from one to another is language. To understand the purpose of the statement through the language, this paper aims to reveal the possible specific effects according to every speech using commissive speech acts. While one of which methods used in communicating the information from one to another is language.
However, along with the times, humans have their way of conveying the message. Various communication tools are created to make it easier for humans to communicate, either implicitly or sample. The film is one of the ways humans convey messages by carrying the theme of entertainment. Film as an artistic work of art that can be performed with or without sound also means that the film is a mass communication media that carries messages that contain ideas vital to the public (audience) with significant influence. That is why the film has the function of education, entertainment, information, and encouraging creative work (UUP 2009: 2).
When someone communicates, at that moment, speech acts occur. As confirmed by Austin in Wibowo (2009: 32), an analysis of language expressions or interpretation of the contents of communication messages should not be limited to the meaning utterances only. Still, it must also examine the effects that the utterances can cause. Strictly speaking, speech acts are divided into locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts.
Searle developed Austin's speech act theory by classifying it into five categories: assertive speech acts, directive speech acts, expressive speech acts, commissive speech acts, and declarative speech acts (Leech 1983: 164).
One of the speech acts that attract attention to the writer is a commissive speech act.
In discussing the commissive speech acts, the researcher chose a movie to be the object of the study entitled Knives out. Knives Out is an American drama which Ryan Johnson wrote. This film represents the mystery of the death of a famous novelist with slick. Knives Out movie makes the audience curious about the continuation of the story in each character scene. One mystery has not finished yet; another problem arises. This movie is difficult to guess and makes the viewer mind-blowing because the scenes in this film do not match what we think. The movie also stars famous actors and actresses from various generations.
Moreover, the utterances in this film are more dominant in daily conversation. The stories in the movie contain many mysteries and debates that make this film have rich data related to commissive speech acts. Therefore, the researcher conducts research that focuses on the commissive speech acts in the Knives Out.
The term pragmatics comes from <pragmatics> introduced by Moris (1938) when systematizing Pierce's teachings on semiotics (sign science). Pragmatics is the science of pragmatics, namely the relationship between sign and its users. Semiotics has three branches, namely semantics, seintaktika / <syntaktic>, not <syntax>, and pragmatics.
Pragmatics is language in use, a study of the meaning of an utterance in certain situations.
The properties of language can be understood through pragmatics, namely how language is used in communication (Djajasudarma, 2012).
The relationship between pragmatic and speech acts is very close because the action speech is central to pragmatics (Dijk, 1977). Firstly, Djajasudarma (2012) explained that advocating discourse studies looking at his idea that context, the situation needs to be researched by linguists because language studies and language work consider the context of the case (Djajasudarma, 2012). Pragmatics covers speech acts, deixis, presuppositions, and conversational implicature (Purwo, 1990 in Chaer andAgustina, 2010). Pragmatics is the study of meanings delivered by the speaker (or writer) and interpreted by the listener (or reader). As a result, this study has more to do with analyzing what people mean by their speeches rather than by separate meanings of words or phrases used in the speech itself. Pragmatics is the study of the intention of speakers. Pragmatics can be practically defined as the study of the meaning of an expression in certain situations (Leech, 2011).
Pragmatics is a study about meaning concerning cases said (Leech, 2011).
Pragmatics is one of the fields of linguistics, specializing in the assessment of the relationship between language and speech context. Pragmatics is concerned with certain aspects of meaning (Levinson. 1983). Yule (1996) argued that pragmatics is the study of the meaning conveyed by the speaker (or writer) and interpreted by the listener (or reader). As a result of this study, it is related to analysing what is meant by the utterances rather than with separate meanings of words or phrases used in the speech itself. Linguists have established speech act theory in pragmatic analysis, but literary texts are also applied. Austin (1969) observed that not all sayings have "truth values.".
Speech is a form of action and not just something about the world of action. A word or expression (speech act) is a function of language as a means of work. Actual speakers speak all sentences or utterances that contain certain communicative functions. Based on this opinion, it can be said that expressing something can be called an activity or action. It is possible because every speech has a specific purpose that affects others. According to Chair and Leonie (2010: 50), speech acts are symptoms individual, psychological, and sustainability is determined by the speaker's language ability in dealing with specific situations. The law is seen more in the meaning or meaning of the action in the speech.
The responses in the speech will be seen from the purpose of the expression. Based on the opinion above, it can be said that speech acts are activity by saying something. Speech acts that have a purpose-specific cannot be separated from the concept of the speech situation.
According to Austin in Fujibayashi (2005: 5), speech acts are classified into three types, namely locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and acts perlocution acts.
Commissive speech acts are speech acts that bind the speaker to carry out what is stated in his speech (Rustono 1999: 40). Promise, swear, threaten, declare ability, vow, and offer are speech which is included in the type of commissive act. Commissive is speech acts that the speaker uses to commit himself to some future action. They express their intention. They are promises, threats, and refusals. In using commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words (via the speaker)" (Yule, 1996: 54). When people perform commissive, they may say their speech using performative verbs such as promise, swear, guarantee, and vow. As stated previously, commissives are differentiated into some types; those are a promise, guarantee, refusal, threat, volunteer, and offer.

METHODOLOGY
This paper uses qualitative research because it describes the commissive speech act in the movie. Nevertheless, this paper focuses on pointing out the types and function of commissive speech acts using Austin's theory (1969). The data are utterances produced by the movie characters, scripted into several classifications and containing commissive speech acts. The data source is the movie Knives Out (2019) by Ryan Johnson.
In this paper, the researchers were the main instrument in data collection. According to the utterances, the techniques used were listening and taking notes to identify the kinds of commissive speech acts. In collecting the data, the researchers are concerned about several characteristics of the commissive speech act, such as; locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.
The data analysis technique used in this paper was descriptive techniques. The commissive speech act in movies entitled Knives Out (2019) is described by following some steps. The first is the identification of the data. It is applied to find out the character's utterances in the movie of Knives Out, which belongs to the commissive speech act. The second is data classification, collected speeches grouped into three kinds of commissive speech act. The third is data investigation, in which the speeches were grouped into several functions, including promise, guarantee, refusal, threat, volunteer, and offer.
Fourth is data application of theories related to the purpose and functions of the utterances of the commissive speech acts. Lastly, making a conclusion based on the analyzed data.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this discussion, the author discussed two main points related to the problems of this research. Firstly, this section is about the types of commissives speech act used by the main characters in the Knives Out movie by using Austin's theory (1969). Secondly, it is about the functions of commissive speech act used by the main characters in the Knives Out movie based on Searle's theory (1985).

The Types of Commissive Speech Act
Based on the data, the type of commissive speech act that mostly found in Knives Out movie is assertive illocution. The reason is this film tells each of the individuals who have given testimony and confirms if his actions are not wrong. The examples of rejection produced by the characters are the rejection performed by Harlan to refusal Walter, rejection utterance performed by Harlan to refuse Joni, and the rejection utterance produced by Blanc to refuse Thrombey family. Austin's theory of locution, is used to analyse the functions of commissive speech acts.
The first is the illocutionary act which can be in the form of commands, requests, suggestions, statements, promises, threats (Wolfram, Norrick 380). Sometimes the speaker commits informative speech acts. The purpose or meaning of the utterance does not match the precise meaning of the sentence. It can be found in data utterances 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Some of the data are presented below: conflictive. This study found two types of Illocutionary act functions.

The Functions of Commissive Speech Act
After analyzing the utterances produced by the main characters in the Knives Out movie using Searle's theory, there are six functions of commisives speech act: guarantee, offer, promise, refuse, threat, and volunteer. The researcher found 2 guarantee, 2 offer, 2 promise, 3 refuse, 3 threat, and 2 volunteer.

a. Guarantee
Guarantee, the speaker attempts to convince the hearer by several guarantee words.
These guarantee terms such as I bet, I bet you, I guarantee, and so on. It is found in "I bet his existence" (data 1) and "I would like to request" (data 2) gently. The types of guarantees in this sub-chapter are not much different from previous studies, namely in the thesis by Husain (2018). The researcher found the same kind of guarantee that is two data with almost the same utterances.

b. Offer
The speaker tries to give an offer to the interlocutor. The offer sentences are found in question form. It is located in "Will you do it, Marta?" (data 3) and "You want to eat" (data 4).

c. Promise
A promise is a statement telling someone that you will do something or not to do something. This is a form of verbal commitment by one person to another to do something in the future (Searle,1975). The speaker attempts to commit himself to do what the speaker said. The word is to convince the interlocutor that the speaker will do it sincerely. The promise words such as I swear, I'll, and so on. It is found in "I will be calm and respectful and be an observer of the truth" (data 5) and "I will not tell my family anything" (data 6).

d. Refuses
The speaker has a target or opinion. Therefore, the speaker refuses the interlocutor's mind. Most of the sentences are in negative forms. It is found in "Stop Marta! There's no time" (data 7), and I don't want to talk (data 8) and "Not 'ours' book, but my book" (data 9).

e. Threat
The speaker tries to persuade the interlocutor by giving an impact word in one of the sentences. It is found in "Tell, or I'll tell!" (data 10) and "you should know that this is the last money" (data 11).

f. Volunteer
The speaker attempts to help the interlocutor by turning him down. The researcher only found data which is located in "Let me help you escape" (data 12) and "I'm gonna call an ambulance" (data 13). Data 12 and 13 are presented below.

CONCLUSION
After analyzing the speech act found in the Knives Out movie, the researcher found the functions of commissive speech acts that characters use when they communicate in a variety of settings. There are guarantees, promises, offers, rejections, threats, and voluntary. The researcher found 13 data that guarantee speech acts found in two data, offer speech acts found in two data, a promise of speech acts found in two data, refused speech acts found in three data, threat speech acts found in two data, and voluntary speech act found in two data. The most dominant commisives speech act used by the main characters in the Knives Out movie is the refusal speech act.
Moreover, the researcher also found two main types of speech acts. Firstly, it is the illocutionary act. It can be found in data 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Secondly, it is a perlocutionary act, action, or state of mind caused by, or as a consequence of, saying something. According to Austin, the act of perlocution is 'what we produce or achieve by saying something such as convincing, persuading, obstructing, saying, shocking or misleading. It can be found in data 6, 12, and 13. Its functions can be classified into four types, namely: competitive, pleasant (Convivial), working together (collaborative), and conflict. The researcher found two types of illocutionary action functions. Some are competitive and friendly.
In general, the findings showed the types of commissive speech acts produced mainly by the characters in "Knives Out" are rejections. In contrast, the condition of authenticity used primarily by characters in "Knives Out" is an illocutionary act. Furthermore, seven utterances were performed directly from the 13 commisives speech acts, and six utterances were performed indirectly. The detective mostly uses direct speech acts during the investigation. Meanwhile, indirect speech acts are used mainly by the member of Thrombey's family in their daily conversation.