TRANSNATIONAL ṬARÎQA: The Expansion of Naqshbandī Haqqânî and the Fulfilment of Urban Spirituality

Dini Asmarani; Sarah Monica

doi:10.18860/ua.v24i2.23630

TRANSNATIONAL ṬARÎQA: The Expansion of Naqshbandī Haqqânî and the Fulfilment of Urban Spirituality

Dini Asmarani, Sarah Monica

Abstract

The following article examines the Naqshbandî Ḥaqqânî order as a spiritual oasis amidst urban life. This order has massively developed around the world, including in Indonesia through The Rumi Centre located in urban area. This ṭarîqa immerses followers in the philosophy of detachment from material possessions, which appeals to urban dwellers who live busy lives. The Naqshbandî Ḥaqqânî order's expansion is further supported by its simplified membership requirements and da’wah digitalization. This research using qualitative methods including participant observation, interviews, and literature studies to discover how The Rumi Center fulfills the spiritual needs of urban followers. The results show that this ṭarîqa successfully balances the lives of its followers through the daily practice of dzikr. Although the followers find solace and spiritual growth by detachment from material possessions, this philosophy may not resonate with every urban dweller. Their strong sufi tradition in their teachings do not resonate with all urban dwellers. The research's focus on urban areas imposes research’s limitations on those who are genuinely seeking alternative religious outside of mainstream religion. The emphasis on inner spirituality, dzikr practice, and end-of-day arrival teaching distinguish this ṭarîqa from mainstream urban religious practices.

Keywords

islamic philosophy; transnational ṭarîqa; naqshbandî ḥaqqânî; spiritual fulfilment

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdurahman, D., & Nur, S. 2018. Sufisme Nusantara. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.

Abitolkha, A. M. 2021. Seyyed Hossein Nasr’s Teaching on Sufism and Its Relevance to Modern Society. Jurnal Theologia, 32(1):1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21580/teo.2021.32.1.8069.

Alatas, I. F. 2020. Dreaming Saints: Exploratory Authority and Islamic Praxes of History in Central Java. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 26(1):67-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.13177.

Ali, A. 2022. Zanj Revolt in the Abbasid Caliphate (Iraq). Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford University Press. DOI: ttps://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.933.

al-Kalabâdzî, A. B. M. bin I. 1993. At-Ta'âruf li Madzhab Ahli At-Tas{awwuf. Beirut: Dâr Al-Kutub al-Ilmîyah.

Aziz, M. 2011. Ensiklopedi 22 Aliran Tarekat dalam Tasawwuf. Surabaya: Imtiyaz.

Baried, A. B., Ghafur, A. H. S., & Hannase, M. 2022. Sufis and Women: The Study of Women’s Sufis in The Western World. Jurnal Ushuluddin, 30(1): 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24014/jush.v30i1.14801.

Böttcher, A. 2006. Religious Authority in Transnational Sufi Networks: Shaykh Nâzhim al-Qubrusî al-H{aqqânî al-Naqshbandî, Speaking for Islam, (241-268). Belanda: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047408864_012.

Bruinessen, M. van. 1992. Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah di Indonesia: Survei Historis, Geografis, dan Sosiologis. Yogyakarta: Mizan.

Bruinessen, M. van. 1995. Kitab Kuning, Pesantren, dan Tarekat: Tradisi-Tradisi Islam di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Mizan.

Conner, R. 2015. From Amuq to Glastonbury: Situating the Apocalypticism of Shaykh Nazim and the Naqshbandi-Haqqaniyya. Exeter:University of Exeter.

Courtney, D. et al. 2020. COVID-19 Impacts on Child and Youth Anxiety and Depression: Challenges and Opportunities. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 65(10): 688-691. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720935646.

Damrel, D. W. 2006. Tarekat Naqsyabandi-Haqqani di Amerika Utara. In J. Malik & J. Hinnels (Eds.), Sufi-sufi Diaspora: Fenomena Sufisme di Negara-negara Barat. Yogyakarta:Mizan.

Dwi Estuningtyas, R. 2022. Eksistensi Tarekat Naqsyabandi Haqqani di Jakarta. Pegon: Islam Nusantara Civilization, 7(1): 53-71.

Fauzia, M. R., & Ma’ruf, A. 2021. Model Pendidikan Tasawuf dalam Membentuk Karakter Cinta Tanah Air dan Cinta Damai di Organisasi Mahasiswa Ahlith Thoriqoh al-Mu’tabaroh An-Nahdliyah Universitas Yudharta. Journal Multicultural of Islamic Education, 5(1):41-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35891/ims.v5i1.2736.

Feener, R. M. 2019. Islam in Southeast Asia to c. 1800. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.40

Gazali. 2015. Tarekat Naqshbandiyah Haqqani di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Deepublish.

Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretation of Culture. New York: Basic Books Inc.

Gitosaroso, M., Chamim, S., & Masruri, M. 2022. Tariqa Haq Naqsyabandi As a System of Islamic Iman Building in Pontianak, West Kalimantan. Religia, 25(1):96-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.28918/religia.v25i1.4162.

Green, N. 2012. Sufism: A Global History. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Halid, R. I. R. 2022. Sufism, Spiritual Performativity and Theological Contestations: Parallelisms of the Aceh and Perak Sultanates across the Centuries. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2022.18.2.14.

Hardiman, F. B. 2003. Heidegger dan Mistik Keseharian. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia (KPG).

Harini, S. 2019. Tasawuf Jawa: Kesalehan Spiritual Muslim Jawa. Araska Yogyakarta: Publisher.

Hentschel, Y. 2023. Sufism as the Guarantee for Humanitarian Islam? Contemporary Sufi Interpretations of sharîʿa and Rah{ma. In Humanitarian Islam (95-128). Jerman: Brill Schöningh. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30965/9783657790265_007.

Hidayat, Z., & Zein, A. 2022. Sufism and Virtual Piety: A Narration of the Millennial Murshid in North Sumatra. Journal Of Indonesian Islam, 16(1): 133-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2022.16.1.133-152.

Tjaya, Hidya Thomas. 2010. Kierkegaard dan Pergulatan Menjadi Diri Sendiri. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia (KPG).

Kabbani, S. M. H. 2004. Academic Research on The Naqshbandiyya-Haqqaniyya Order. In Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition. UK: Islamic Supreme Council of America.

Latif, M., & Usman, M. I. 2020. Potret Organisasi Tarekat dan Dinamikanya di Sulawesi Barat. Al-Qalam, 26(2): 295-306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v26i2.861.

MD (Informant), interviewed on June 15, 2022. Tangerang Selatan.

Mercier-Dalphond, G. 2021. Local Tales of Sufism in Quebec: Secular Politics of Moderation and the Production of Charismatic Muslims. ReOrient, 6:129-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13169/reorient.6.2.0129.

Michaelson, V. et al. 2019. Domains of Spirituality and Their Associations with Positive Mental Health: A Study of Adolescents in Canada, England and Scotland. Preventive Medicine, 125:12-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.04.018.

Montenegro, S. 2023. Sharing Baraka in an Unexpected Place: The Emergence of Ziyâra Culture Among Sufi and ‘Alawi Muslims in Argentina 1. The Muslim World, 103 (1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12470.

MR (Informant), interviewed on May 25, 2021. Tangerang Selatan.

Muzayanah, I. F. U. et al. 2020. Is there Social Capital in Cities? The Association of Urban Form and Social Capital Formation in the Metropolitan Cities of Indonesia. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 24(4): 532-556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2020.1730934.

Naqsybandi, M. 2008. Catatan Kunjungan Mawlana ke Indonesia: Kunjungan Sultan Awliya Mawlana Syekh Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Haqqani QS. Catatan Kunjungan Mawlana ke Indonesia. http://kunjungan7007.blogspot.com/2008/06/kunjungan-sultan-awliya-mawlana-syekh.html.

Nasr, S. H. 2001. Science and Civilization in Islam. America: ABC International Group.

Nielsen, J. S., Draper, M., & Yemelianova, G. 2006. Sufisme Transnasional Haqqaniyah. In J. Malik & J. Hinnels (Eds.), Sufi-sufi Diaspora: Fenomena Sufisme di Negara-negara Barat (pp. 181–201). Jakarta: Mizan.

Nurani, S. 2018. Urban Sufism And Transformation of Islamic Culture In Millenial Society. Religia, 21(2): 156-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.28918/religia.v21i2.1508.

Piraino, F. 2016. Between Real and Virtual Communities: Sufism in Western Societies and the Naqshbandi Haqqani case. Social Compass, 63(1): 93-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768615606619.

Purwanto, Y. et al. 2023. Tasawwuf Moderation in Higher Education: Empirical Study of al-Ghazâlî's Tasawwuf Contribution to Intellectual Society. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1):1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2192556.

Qomariyyah, N., & Saifuddin, A. 2022. T{arîqa Followers and Inner Peace: A Phenomenological Study of Naqshbandiyya-Khâlidîya Order in Indonesia. Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism, 11(1):1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21580/tos.v11i1.10503.

Ridho, A. et al. 2023. The Sufism Da’wah of Shaykh KH. M. Luqman Hakim on Urban Muslim Societies. Jurnal Smart (Studi Masyarakat, Religi, dan Tradisi), 9(1):91-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18784/smart.v9i1.1825.

Rohma, Z. F. 2020. Sufistic Spirituality: Joint Motive Study in the Tarekat Zawiyah Naqsyabandiyah Haqqani Yogyakarta. el Harakah: Jurnal Budaya Islam, 22(1):59-75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/el.v22i1.8602.

SAB (Informant), interviewed on October 18, 2022. Tangerang Selatan.

Sakhok, J., & Aris Munandar, S. 2018. Aktivitas Sosial Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah Al Haqqani Sebagai Bentuk Kesalehan Sosial. Prosiding Nasional, 1(1): 55-74.

Sakhok, J., & Munandar, S. A. 2019. The Sufi Order and Philanthropy: A Case Study of Philantrophical Activism of The Naqsyabandiyah al-Haqqani Sufi Order in Indonesia. Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism, 8(1):31-50. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/tos.v8i1.5299.

Schimmel, A. 2000. Dimensi Mistik dalam Islam. Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus.

Septian, J. P. 2022. Tarekat Naqsyabandi Haqqani dan Perubahan Sosial Keagamaan Masyarakat Padang 2000-2021 M. Tesis, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga.

Smith, B. J. et al. 2023. Female Sufi Guides and the Murshida Fatwa in Indonesian Sufism: Murshidas in a Sufi Order in Lombok. Contemporary Islam, 17(3): 363-390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-023-00522-z

Sulistiana. 2008. Berdiri dan Berkembangnya Tarekat Naqsyabandi Haqqani di Jakarta. Skripsi, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Sviri, Sara. 2022. Zuhd in Islamic Mysticism (ed. Christian Lange). In Sufi Cosmology. Belanda: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004392618_010.

Syarifah, U., & Fahimah, S. 2020. Zaghlûl Râghib Muḥammad Al-Najjâr’s Methods and Principles of Scientific Exegesis: A Review of Tafsîr al-Âyât al-Kawniyyah fî al-Qur’ân al-Karîm. Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi Islam, 21(2):289-311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/ua.v21i2.10227.

Trimingham, J. S. 1971. The Sufi Orders in Islam. UK: Oxford University Press.

YM (Informant), interviewed on April 29, 2022. Tangerang Selatan.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/ua.v24i2.23630