THE DYNAMICS OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR IN MADURA: From the Kingdom to the Digital Democracy Eras

Mohammad Hidayaturrahman; Ahmad Hasan Ubaid; Astriana Baiti Sinaga; Sudarman Sudarman

doi:10.18860/ua.v25i2.29247

THE DYNAMICS OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR IN MADURA: From the Kingdom to the Digital Democracy Eras

Mohammad Hidayaturrahman, Ahmad Hasan Ubaid, Astriana Baiti Sinaga, Sudarman Sudarman

Abstract

The political history of Madurese society reflects dynamic changes across different periods. This study examines the political behavior of the Madurese people from the kingdom era in Sumenep, Bangkalan, and Pamekasan, through the Dutch colonial and post-independence periods, to the New Order and the digital democracy era of 2019. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through document analysis and in-depth interviews with historians, cultural experts, and political experts. The findings reveal that Madurese political behavior has evolved significantly over time. During the kingdom era, it was marked by respect and obedience to kings. In the Dutch colonial period, political behavior shifted toward armed resistance against oppression. In the post-independence era, the focus was on resisting colonial influence, while in the New Order era, resistance targeted political manipulation. In the digital democracy era, political behavior became shaped more by psychological factors, emphasizing individual preferences and pragmatism. These transformations are driven by sociological factors, particularly religion, and later by psychological influences. The study highlights that voter behavior is dynamic, shaped by evolving social, economic, and technological contexts, providing insights into the fluid nature of political engagement.

Keywords

digital democracy; Madurese history; political behavior

References

A’la, A., & Mukarrom, A. 2020. Power-Knowledge Relations of the Elder and the Younger Madurese Muslim Scholars in Propagating Islamism in Madura: A counter-narrative. Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf dan Pemikiran Islam, 10(01): 125-153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2020.10.1.81-109.

Abdullah, M. & Kusaeri. 2024. Cultural Transformation of Kiai Leadership in Madura: from Religious Educators to Political Leaders. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 16(02): 2814-2820. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v16i2.5333.

Abdurrahman. 2012. Phenomenon of Kiai in Political Dynamics: Between Moral and Political Movements. KARSA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Keislaman (Journal of Social and Islamic Culture), 15(01): 25-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19105/karsa.v15i1.111.

Alghar, Z. M., & Marhayati. 2023. Ethnomathematics: Exploration of Fractal Geometry in Gate Ornaments of the Sumenep Jamik Mosque Using the Lindenmayer System Etnomatematika. Indonesian Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 6(3): 311-329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24042/ijsme.v6i3.18219.

AS (Informant), interviewed on June 8, 2024. Bangkalan, Madura.

Badi’ah, S. et al. 2021. Islamic Boarding Schools and Social Change in the Digital Era. Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 21(02): 349-364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24042/ajsk.v21i2.10244.

Barberá, P. et al. 2019. Who Leads? Who Follows? Measuring Issue Attention and Agenda Setting by Legislators and the Mass Public Using Social Media Data. American Political Science Review, 113(04): 883-912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000352.

Basundoro, P. 2012. Population and Inter-Ethnic Relations in the City of Surabaya During the Colonial Period. Paramita, 22(01): 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v22i1.1839.

Birkinbine, B. J. 2020. Political Economy of Peer Production. In The Handbook of Peer Production (pp. 1–19). Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119537151.ch3.

Bogart, D. 2022. Infrastructure and Institutions: Lessons from History. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 94: 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2020.103626.

Budiarto, G. 2021. Poster and Film Media as Instruments of Japanese Military Propaganda in Indonesia 1942-1945. Agastya: Jurnal Sejarah Dan Pembelajarannya, 11(01): 35-56. DOI: http://doi.org/10.25273/ajsp.v11i1.6206.

ED (Informant), interviewed on April 27, 2024. Sumenep, Madura

Fauzan, P. et al. 2024. The Natsir Integral Motion in Geopolitical Perspective. Ulul AlbAb: Jurnal Studi Islam, 25(01): 20-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/ua.v25i1.26371.

Fikriyati, U. et al. 2021. Vernacular Tafsir in Madura: Negotiating Muman Equality in a Social Hierarchical Tradition. Australian Journal of Islamic Studies, 6(04): 47-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55831/ajis.v6i4.403.

Hanlon, W. W. & Heblich, S. 2022. History and Urban Economics. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 94: 21-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103751.

Harahap, I. H. 2020. Presidential Election Campaign through Social Media and Its Influence on Indonesian Democracy. Komunikologi: Jurnal Ilmiah Komunikasi, 17(01): 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47007/jkomu.v17i01.234.

Harits, I. W. 2023. Megaremeng and Other Stories as Madurese Identity and Culture on Madura Island. Al Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan dan Kemasyarakatan, 17(02): 985-996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35931/aq.v17i2.1979.

Hefni, M. 2012. Patron-Client Relationship in Madura Society. Karsa: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Keislaman (Journal of Social and Islamic Culture), 15(01): 15-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19105/karsa.v15i1.110.

Hidayat, A. et al. 2023. History of Cakraningrat I from Prisoner of War to Victim of the Rebellion 1624-1648. El Tarikh: Journal of History, Culture and Islamic Civilization, 4(02): 95-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24042/jhcc.v4i2.18412.

IB (Informant), interviewed on April 28, 2024. Sumenep, Madura.

Indiarti, W., & Suyami. 2023. Khazanah Pernaskahan Nusantara: Rekam Jejak dan Perkembangan Kontemporer. BRIN. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55981/brin.909.

JH (Informant), interviewed on June 22, 2024. Sampang, Madura.

Kuntowijoyo. 2017. Perubahan Sosial dalam Masyarakat Agraris: Madura, 1850-1940. Yogyakarta: Matabangsa.

Kuzuhara, S. 2022. Lessons from the 116 Years (1902-2018) of History of the Japanese Society of Neurology in Establishing its Identity: Secondary Publication. Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, 10(02): 43-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ncn3.12574.

KS (Informant), interviewed on May 17, 2024. Pamekasan, Madura

Latif, M. et al. 2024. Knitting Indonesian Unity in the Momentum Mosi Integral Mohammad Natsir. Al-Afkar: Journal for Islamic Studies, 7(1): 841-854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31943/afkarjournal.v7i1.884.

Lombard, D. 1972. Les Nécropoles Princières De l’ile de Madura. Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient, 59: 257-278. DOI: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43732464.

Mahdiana, N., & Wisnu. 2018. Politisasi Korpri pada Pemilu Orde Baru Tahun 1970-1998 di Jawa Timur. Avatara: E-Journal Pendidikan Sejarah, 6(3): 40-52. https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/ avatara/article/view/25222/23112

Mahdiyar, A. F. et al. 2022. Madoera Stoomtram Maatschappij: The Function of Railways as a Means of Transporting Salt to Public Transportation in Madura from 1897-1987. Historiography: Journal of Indonesian History and Education, 2(1): 1-12.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um081v2i12022p1-12.

Massey, D. 2020. The political Place of Locality Studies. In L. Mcdowell (Ed.), Undoing Place? A Geographical Reader (1st ed.), (pp. 360-375). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003058885.

Mufliha, D. I. et al. 2021. Madurese Salt Farmers’ Resistance to Trade Monopoly Dutch Colonial: Historical Review. Suluk: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Budaya, 3(2): 160-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/suluk.2021.3.2.161-170.

Mulkhan, A. Munir. 2003. The political Morals of the Santri: Religion and the Defense of the Oppressed (1st ed.). Jakarta: Erlangga.

Mursal, I. F., & Bakaruddin, L. 2020. The Five Most Important States in the Republic of Indonesia United States (ris) 1949-1950. Entita: Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial dan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 2(2): 217-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19105/ejpis.v2i2.3361.

Perdana, H. A. 2021. Political turmoil during the 1997 election at the end of the new order government. Historiography: Journal of Indonesian History and Education, 1(1): 32-37. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um081v1i12021p32-37/

Porcelli, A. M. 2022. After the Collapse: Evaluating Undone Science In the Wake of A Global Environmental Crisis. Geoforum, 132: 219-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.10.011.

Pratama, S. 2023. Implementation of Guerrilla Warfare Strategy in the General Offensive ff March 1, 1949 In Yogyakarta. Jurnal Nirwasita, 4(1): 101-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7792812.

Pribadi, Y. 2014. Religious Networks in Madura Pesantren, Nahdlatul Ulama And Kiai as the Core of Santri Culture. Al-Jami’ah, 51(01): 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2013.511.1-32.

Rachmawati, N. et al. 2024. Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Indonesia Menjelang Kemerdekaan (Pada Masa Penjajahan Jepang). Sindoro: Cendikia Pendidikan, 5(3):71-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9644/sindoro.v5i3.4027.

Raditya, A. 2022. Black World of Madura: Genealogy of Bâjing, Islam, and the Regime of Greed. Jurnal sosial jurnal penelitian ilmu-ilmu sosial, 23(01): 24-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33319/sos.v23i1.106.

Rahman, D. M. 2022. The Harmony Representation of Madurese Community In Madurese Folklores: A Literature Anthropology Study. Arif: Jurnal Sastra dan Kearifan Lokal, 1(2): 189-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21009/Arif.012.02.

Ramadhani, A. C. 2016. Keberadaan Barisan Tjakra Madura Tahun 1947-1950. AVATARA: E-Journal Pendidikan Sejarah, 4(3): 747-761. https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/avatara/article/view/15827.

Rasaili, W. 2023. Local Politics and Democracy on Policy Implementation in Madura, Indonesia. Governabilitas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Pemesta, 4(1): 48-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47431/governabilitas.v4i1.283.

Rasid, G. 1949. Developments in indonesia: From the renville agreement to the resumption of military action. India Quarterly, 5(3): 253-271. DOI: http://www.jstor.org/stable/45068000.

Rawls, J. 2008. Political liberalism. In The New Social Theory Reader (2nd ed.), (pp. 6-24). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060963.

Reinert, E. S., & Kvangraven, I. H. 2023. Conclusion: what are the Important Lessons from History? In A Modern Guide to Uneven Economic Development (pp. 17-70). Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788976541.00029.

RH (Informant), interviewed on April 28, 2024. Sumenep, Madura.

Ritonga, R., & Syahputra, I. 2019. Citizen Journalism and Public Participation In the Era of New Media In Indonesia: from Street to Tweet. Media and Communication, 7(3): 79-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i3.2094.

Romli, M. 2023. Kuasa dan Moral Pangeran Trunojo Madura. Journal Transformation of Mandalika, 4(5): 188-206.

Rozaki, A. 2009. The Social Origins and Political Power of Blaters (Thugs) In Madura. Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, 11. https://kyotoreview.org/issue-11/the-social-origins-and-political-power-of-blaters-thugs-in-madura/

Sabatier, P. 2019. Social Construction and Policy Design. In Theories of the Policy Process (2nd ed.), (pp. 352–371). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367274689.

Sumardi. 1999. Madura State 1948-1950: from a Federal State to a Unitary State of the Republic Of Indonesia. Universitas Indonesia. https://lontar.ui.ac.id/detail?id=75835&lokasi=lokal

Susilo, A., & Wulansari, R. 2021. Linggarjati Agreement (Diplomacy and Struggle of the Indonesian Nation 1946-1947). Criksetra: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, 10(01): 30-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36706/jc.v10i1.12683.

Suwignyo, A. 2019. Gotong Royong as Social Citizenship in Indonesia, 1940s to 1990s. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 50(03): 387-408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463419000407.

Syukur, A. 2017. Dutch-Centric Historiography Its Formation And Development. Jurnal Sejarah Lontar, 7(2): 41-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21009/LONTAR.072.04.

TA (Informant), interviewed on April 27, 2024. Sumenep, Madura.

Van Bruinessen, M. 2012. Indonesian Muslims and their Place In the Larger World of Islam. In Reid, A. J. S., Indonesia Rising: The Repositioning of Asia’s Third Giant (pp. 117-140). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814380416-013.

Widyanti, R. H. D., & Setiyonugroho, P. 2022. Dynamics of the Salt Industry in Madura 1950-1975. Karmawibangga: Historical Studies Journal, 4(2): 113-124.

Wirayuda, A. W. 2024. Singing the Old Wong: the Historical Politics of the Masyumi Party in the 1950s in East Java, Indonesia. Paramita, 34(01): 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v34i1.44985.

WR (Informant), interviewed on June 8, 2024. Bangkalan, Madura.

Zamroni, M. I. 2012. The Power of Juragan and Kiai in Madura. Karsa: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Keislaman. Journal of Social and Islamic Culture, 12(02):161-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19105/karsa.v12i2.140.

ZN (Informant), interviewed on May 17, 2024. Pamekasan, Madura.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/ua.v25i2.29247