THE MOSQUE'S PRIMARY SPACES AND THE REQUIRED DIRECTION OF THE MOSQUE BUILDING

Saddam Hussain, Zheng Chunrou, Fu Juan

Abstract


This study investigates the primary spaces and required orientation of mosques. Similar to other architectural styles, mosques have specific primary spaces that must be featured in every typical mosque, while each region's cultural and traditional needs determine secondary spaces. Orienting the mosque toward the Qibla direction is also crucial. The study sheds light on the correct orientation of typical mosques and the origin of Islamic directives regarding their orientation. Several common ancient mathematical procedures for calculating Qibla have been described. In addition to architectural plans for five mosques in Pakistan, artistic depictions of aerial views of existing mosques in other parts of the globe are also included.


Keywords


Mosque architecture; Spaces of mosque; Orientation of mosque; Qibla direction

Full Text:

PDF

References


M. Farhat, Islamic piety and dynastic legitimacy: The case of the Shrine of 'Alī b. Mūsā al-Ridā in Mashhad (10 th–17 th century). Harvard University, 2002

Z. Sardar, Reading the Qur'an: The contemporary relevance of the sacred text of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017

A.P.D.A.H. Radwan, "The Mosque as a public space in the Islamic City-An Analytical study of Architectural & Urban design of contemporary examples", Journal of Architecture, Arts and Humanistic Science, vol. 6, issue 30, pp. 70-90, 2020, DOI: 10.21608/mjaf.2020.35199.1712

K. Rizvi, The transnational Mosque: Architecture and historical memory in the contemporary middle east. UNC Press Books, 2015

I.N. Al-Bukhari, R.F. Alsabban, and A.M. Shehata, "Characterization Framework of Contemporary Mosques in Islamic Cities", Journal of Engineering, Computing and Architecture, vol 11, issue 1, p. 12-17, 2020.

V. Ilci, et al., "Investigation on the accuracy of existing qibla directions of the mosques from different periods: A case study in Çorum city, Turkey", Tehnički vjesnik, vol 25, issue 6, pp. 1642-1649. 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20170226111205

N.A. Azmi, and M.Z. Kandar, "Factors contributing in the design of environmentally sustainable mosques", Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 23, pp. 27-37, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.01.024

T. Ahmad, M. J. Thaheem, A. Anwar, Z. U. Din "Implications of stereotype mosque architecture on sustainability", Procedia Engineering, vol. 145, pp. 96-103, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.04.023

L. A. Ali, and F.A. Mustafa, "The state-of-the-art knowledge, techniques, and simulation programs for quantifying human visual comfort in mosque buildings: A systematic review", Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol 14, issue 9, pp. 102128. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102128

Y. Ardhiati, "The new architecture of mosque design to express the modernity of moslems", Global Advanced Research Journal of Arts and Humanities (GARJAH), volume 2, issue 4, pp. 75-78, 2013.

A. Allahham, "Metamorphosis of mosque semiotics: from sacred to secular power metaphorism–the case of State mosques", Archnet-IJAR:International Journal of Architectural Research, 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-11-2018-0001

S. Buhlfaia, Historical background of Libyan mosque architecture: assesment and criticism of mosquesin Ajdabiya city, Middle East Technical University, 2006

A. Mokhtar, "Design standards for Muslim prayer facilities within public buildings", Proceedings of the 2009 Annual Research Conference on the Architectural Research Center Consortium: Leadership in Architectural Research, Between Academia and the Profession, San Antonio, 2009.

O.S. Asfour, "Bridging the gap between the past and the Present: A Reconsideration of Mosque Architectural Elements", Journal of Islamic Architecture, vol 4, issue 2, pp. 77-85, 2016, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v4i2.3559

N. Iqbal, Mosque In The Valley: A Space For Spiritual Gathering & Cultural Learning, Master Theses, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2015.

M. Tayeb, "Islamic revival in Asia and human resource management", Employee relations, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 352-364, 1997. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/01425459710170086

M. Jawaid, Celebrating the Revelation of the Quran, 2020.

M.R. Amiryousefi, , et al., "Is It Possible to Quench Thirst Using Licorice-Enriched Barley Bread during Islamic Fasting?" Journal of Fasting & Health, vol 5, no 4, pp. 151-157, 2017, Doi: 10.22038/jfh.2018.28595.1108

M. Frishman, and H.-U. Khan, The mosque: history, architectural development and regional diversity. Thames & Hudson, 1994

A. Mokhtar, "Challenges of designing ablution spaces in mosques", Journal of architectural engineering, vol 9, issue 2, pp. 55-61, 2003, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(2003)9:2(55)

S. Malik, and B. Mujahid, "Perception of House Design in Islam: Experiences from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan", Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, vol 6, issue 2, pp. 53-76, 2016.

N.H.A. Majid, et al., "Shariah compliance hospitality building design: A Malay Muslim oriented architecture", Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol 201, pp. 136-145, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.159

M.M. Rahman, "Islamic architecture and arch", International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, vol 2. no. 1, 2015, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v2.n1.52

J. Bloom, S.S. Blair, and S. Blair, Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. Vol. 2, Oxford University Press on Demand, 2009

N. Chikhaoui, and F.J. Casewit, "The minbar: symbol of verticality and elevation", Sacred Web: A Journal of Tradition and Modernity, vol. 14, pp. 91-107. 2004.

A. J. Wensinck, "Ḳibla: Ritual and Legal Aspects", The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, 1986.

D. A. King, "The enigmatic orientation of the Great Mosque of Córdoba", Suhayl: International Journal for the History of the Exact and Natural Sciences in Islamic Civilisation, vol 16-17, pp. 33-111, 2018

G. Pantazis, and E. Lambrou, "Investigating the orientation of eleven mosques in Greece", Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, vol. 12, pp. 159-166. 2009.

R. Akbar, and R. A. Mustaqim, "Theoretical Study of the Use of the Polaris Star as a Reference for The North Point in Determining the Qibla Direction", Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura, vol. 22, issue 1, pp. 16-28, 2022. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v22i1.9411

A. Asmuni, H. Matsum, and I. Muttaqin, "The true north urgency of the earth in determining the direction of the Qibla according to Fiqh and Falak science", Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 3, issue 4, pp. 3353-3358. 2020.

M. Vandestra, and I. Muslim, Kitab Hadist Shahih Muslim Ultimate. Dragon Promedia: 2017.

R. Akbar, and A. Asman, "SOCIAL CONFLICT DUE TO THE CONTROVERSY OF MOSQUE'S QIBLA DIRECTION IN SEJIRAM VILLAGE, SAMBAS REGENCY", Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir'ah, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-12, 2020, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/jis.v18i1.926

M. Mustamin, "Studi Konflik Sosial di Desa Bugis dan Parangina Kecamatan Sape Kabupaten Bima Tahun 2014", Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 185-205, 2016, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.58258/jime.v2i2.109

J.E. Lumbard, "Covenant and Covenants in the Qur'an", Journal of Qur'anic Studies, vol 17, No. 2, pp. 1-23, 2015, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2015.0193

M. Yilmaz, "Historical mosque orientation in Turkey: central-western anatolia region, 1150–1590". Journal of historical geography, vol.38, no. 4, pp. 359-371. 2012. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2012.06.002

G. Almakky, and J. Snyder, "Calculating an azimuth from one location to another a case study in determining the Qibla to makkah", Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, vol 33, No. 2, pp. 29-36, 1996, DOI: 10.3138/C567-3003-1225-M204

H.R., Turner, Science in medieval Islam: an illustrated introduction, University of Texas Press 2010.

W.M. Sanjaya, et al. "Determining Qibla Direction using al-Biruni's First Method from Kitab Tahdid Nihayat al-Amakin with The Implementation Based on Board Arduino MCU, GPS Module, and Digital Compass", in 2019 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication (iSemantic). pp. 513-518, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ISEMANTIC.2019.8884330

A. Latif, Development of Pharmacology (Ilmul Advia) During Abbasid Period and its Relevance to Modern Age, Prowess Publishing, 2019,

D. A. King, Astronomy and Islamic society: Qibla, gnomonics and timekeeping, in Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science. p. 128-184, Routledge, 2019.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v7i4.21497

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.