Integrating Environmentalism and Minimalism in Contemporary Mosque Architecture

Eko Ariwidodo

Abstract


This study explores the integration of environmental and minimalist principles within contemporary Islamic architectural philosophy. Adopting minimalist and environmentalist principles in modern Islamic architecture is challenging due to the conflict between them and the rich historical and decorative elements traditionally used in Islamic design. Environmentalism and minimalism have significantly influenced contemporary Islamic architecture, presenting architects and designers with the challenge of integrating traditional elements with modern design principles while maintaining cultural identity and adhering to sustainable practices. Environmentalism and minimalism are rooted in Islamic theology and European protest movements. While these philosophies offer environmentally conscious and culturally resonant architectural practices, there is a notable tension between them. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating how architects incorporate environmental and minimalist principles into their work and the cultural and historical contexts that have shaped these architectural philosophies. The knowledge gap in this area lies in the need for more research to examine the relationship between minimalism and contemporary Islamic architectural philosophy. The potential impact of this study lies in its contribution to the field of Islamic architecture, which is a broader discourse on sustainable design. By exploring the relationship between environmentalism, minimalism, and contemporary Islamic architectural philosophy, this study can inform the development of sustainable design strategies and promote a greater understanding and appreciation of the unique contributions of Islamic architecture to global architectural discourse.

Keywords


environmentalism; minimalism; sustainable design; Islamic architecture philosophy; sustainable practices

Full Text:

PDF

References


[1] M. F. Mahmoud and M. I. Elbelkasy, “Islamic architecture: between moulding and flexibility,” in Islamic Heritage Architecture and Art, WIT Press, 2016. doi: 10.2495/iha160051.

[2] M. Kamal and O. Nasir, “Minimalism in architecture: a basis for resource conservation and sustainable development,” Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 277–300, 2022, doi: 10.2298/FUACE221105021K.

[3] S. A. Ragozina, “Environmentalism in Modern Islamic Philosophy,” RUDN Journal of Philosophy, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 233-250, 2023, doi: 10.22363/2313-2302-2023-27-2-233-250.

[4] Y. B. Motruk, “Ecological approach in the design of spaces of minimalism,” Vestnik MGSU, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1408-1417, 2019, doi: 10.22227/1997-0935.2019.11.1408-1417.

[5] S. El-Fayoumi, “The use of sustainability principles of Islamic architecture to cope with architectural challenges, a ceramist point of view,” International Design Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1257-1266, 2015, doi: 10.21608/idj.2015.101782.

[6] K. El-Daghar, “Conserving Symbolism in Architectural Heritage—Case Study Eloquence in Depicting Philosophical Ideas Inspired by the Principles of Islam on Islamic Architecture Through Ages,” in Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation, pp. 109-124, 2022. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-74482-3_10.

[7] Z. Rahman, J. Johnson, S. Tripathi, and Dr. J. Krithika, “The Future of Packaging: Minimalism in Modern Era,” Interantional Journal of Scientific Research In Engineering and Management, vol. 07, no. 10, pp. 1-11, 2023, doi: 10.55041/ijsrem26073.

[8] S. Nu’Man, “A Unified Architectural Theory for Islamic Architecture,” Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 100-112, 2016, doi: 10.26687/archnet-ijar.v10i3.973.

[9] W. Nurjayanti and F. T. Nugrahaini, “Sustainable Islamic Architecture in Settlements And Their Environment in Surakarta,” Journal of Islamic Architecture, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 750-759, 2023, doi: 10.18860/jia.v7i4.19204.

[10] M. E. M. Ramadan and M. M. I. Elhalabi, “Integrative Relationship Between Environmental Architecture and Interior Design Towards Sustainability,” International Journal of Advanced Research on Planning and Sustainable Development, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2018, doi: 10.21608/ijarpsd.2018.183092.

[11] H. E. D. S. Mahmoud and M. A. Muhammad, “A comparative study of the influence of modernity theory and unified architectural theory on the realty of contemporary Egyptian architectural design,” International Journal of Architectural Engineering and Urban Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2020, doi: 10.21608/ijaeur.2020.219034.

[12] F. P. Rahimian, “Book Review: Unified Architectural Theory: Form, Language, Complexity,” International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, vol. 11, no. 3, 2017, doi: 10.26687/archnet-ijar.v11i3.1394.

[13] Ç. Beyaz and Ç. Erçin, “Evaluation of Modern Architecture Criteria in the Context of Sustainability and Architectural Approach; Modern Period in North Nicosia,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 15, no. 13, 2023, doi: 10.3390/su151310005.

[14] A. B. H. Ahmad and W. K. Mujani, “An Evaluation of the Earliest Thought and Philosophy on Mosques in Malacca,” Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 538-541, 2019, doi: 10.18510/hssr.2019.7472.

[15] M. Kamal and O. Nasir, “Minimalism in Architecture: A Basis for Resource Conservation and Sustainable Development,” Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 277–300, 2022, doi: 10.2298/FUACE221105021K.

[16] K. A. M. K. Ismail, “Sultan Hassan Mosque: An Islamic Architectural Wonder Analytical Study of Design and Its Effect on Islamic Cairo,” Journal of Islamic Architecture, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 94-105, 2012, doi: 10.18860/jia.v1i2.1725.

[17] L. D. Loo and M. Mahdavinejad, “The Concept of Sustainability in Contemporary Architecture and Its Significant Relationship with Vernacular Architecture of Iran,” J Sustain Dev, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 132-141, 2017, doi: 10.5539/jsd.v10n1p132.

[18] S. Hassan, “Utilizing Minimalism Principle to Promote Sustainability in the Design of Metal Furniture,” Journal of Design Sciences and Applied Arts, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 296-302, 2021, doi: 10.21608/jdsaa.2021.29927.1038.

[19] A. G. Mertig and R. E. Dunlap, “Environmentalism: Preservation and Conservation,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 4687-4693, 2001. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/04154-1.

[20] D. Pedynowski, “Toward a More: ‘Reflexive Environmentalism’: Ecological Knowledge and Advocacy in the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem,” Soc Nat Resour, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 807-825, 2003, doi: 10.1080/08941920309168.

[21] B. Devall, “Deep Ecology and Radical Environmentalism,” Soc Nat Resour, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 51-62, 1991, doi: 10.1080/08941929109380758.

[22] B. C. Patten, “Systems Ecology and Environmentalism: Getting the Science Right. Part I: Facets For a More Holistic Nature Book of Ecology,” Ecol Modell, vol. 293, pp. 4-21, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.04.010.

[23] D. J. Salazar and D. K. Alper, “Reconciling Environmentalism and the Left: Perspectives on Democracy and Social Justice in British Columbia’s Environmental Movement,” Canadian Journal of Political Science, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 527-566, 2002, doi: 10.1017/s0008423902778347.

[24] D. Stouhi, “The Amir Shakib Arslan Mosque Photographed by Bahaa Ghoussainy.” Archdaily. Accessed: July 4th, 2024, [Online] Available: https://www.archdaily.com/895122/the-amir-shakib-arslan-mosque-photographed-by-bahaa-ghoussainy.

[25] B. Lehmann, “Timber Construction in Cambridge Mosque”. Archdaily. Accessed: July 4th, 2024, [Online] Available: https://www.archdaily.com/catalog/us/products/16212/timber-construction-in-cambridge-mosque-blumer-lehmann?

[26] T. Cakmakli, “Camlica Mosque”. Architizer. Accessed: July 4th, 2024, [Online] Available: https://architizer.com/projects/camlica-mosque-1/

[27] S. Gumber, “Minimalism in Design: A Trend of Simplicity in Complexity,” ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 357-365, 2023, doi: 10.29121/shodhkosh.v4.i2.2023.539.

[28] J. M. Carroll and H. van der Meij, “Ten Misconceptions about Minimalism,” in Minimalism Beyond the Nurnberg Funnel, pp. 72-86, 2018. doi: 10.7551/mitpress/4616.003.0004.

[29] A. V Wilson and S. Bellezza, “Consumer Minimalism,” Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 796–816, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1093/jcr/ucab038.

[30] L. Anjomshoa and F. Sadighi, “The Importance of Motivation in Second Language Acquisition,” International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, vol. 3, no. 2, 2015.

[31] H. Larsen, “Islamic Community Centre and Mosque.” Architizer. Accessed: July 4th, 2024, [Online] Available: https://architizer.com/projects/islamic-community-centre-and-mosque/

[32] RMJM, “DIFC Grand Mosque”. Abdullatif Al Fozan Award. Accessed: July 4th, 2024, [Online] Available: https://mosqpedia.org/masajid/difc-grand-mosque/

[33] J. McAslan, “Msheireb Mosque”. Archify. Accessed: July 4th, 2024, [Online] Available: https://www.archify.com/ph/project/msheireb-mosque.

[34] H. Abdel, “Al-Muttaqin Grand Mosque / Andyrahman Architect”. Archdaily. Accessed: July 4th, 2024, [Online] Available: https://www.archdaily.com/1013542/al-muttaqin-grand-mosque-andyrahman-architect?

[35] A. Mohamadi, “The Effect of Religious Values in the Formation of Spaces in Islamic Architecture of Iran,” Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 111-117, 2023, doi: 10.30574/gjeta.2023.15.3.0108.

[36] E. A. Severo and J. C. F. De Guimarães, “Corporate Environmentalism: An Empirical Study in Brazil,” International Journal of Business and Globalisation, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 81-95, 2015, doi: 10.1504/IJBG.2015.070225.

[37] C. Parsad and S. Mittal, “Evolution of Corporate Environmentalism, a Politico-Social Perspective: Concept, Command and Control to Self-Regulatory and Voluntary, and Future Directions,” J Public Aff, vol. 22, no. 3, 2022, doi: 10.1002/pa.2286.

[38] K. Jakovlevas-Mateckis and L. Kostinaitė, “Some Aspects of Minimalism in Modern Library Architecture,” Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 97-104, 2006, doi: 10.3846/13921630.2006.10697070.

[39] N. G. Ayuningrum, “Discourse Analysis Minimalism Lifestyle Through YouTube,” MEDIASI Jurnal Kajian dan Terapan Media, Bahasa, Komunikasi, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2022, doi: 10.46961/mediasi.v3i1.489.

[40] M. E. M. Albasyoni, “Islamic Architectural Ecological Philosophy in Contemporary Egyptian Residence,” The Academic Research Community publication, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 101-113, 2020, doi: 10.21625/archive.v4i1.736.

[41] A. Carlson, S. Lintott, Nature, Aesthetics, and Environmentalism: From Beauty to Duty, Choice Reviews Online, New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.

[42] N. Zulkifli, “Islamic Approaches to the Environmental Preservation: A Systematic Literature Review,” Al-A’raf : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam dan Filsafat, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 176-208, 2023, doi: 10.22515/ajpif.v20i2.7848.

[43] N. Kolkailah, “The Qur’anic Botanic Garden in Qatar: Challenges and Opportunities for Islamic Environmentalism,” Religion and Development, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 63-83, 2023, doi: 10.30965/27507955-20230016.

[44] A. Saniotis, “Muslims and Ecology: Fostering Islamic Environmental Ethics,” Contemporary Islam, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 155-171, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s11562-011-0173-8.

[45] S. Anabarja and A. S. Mubah, “The Islamic Environmentalism in Eco-Pesantren Initiatives: Integrating the Sustainable Development Values in Islamic Boarding School,” Journal of International Studies on Energy Affairs, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 75-90, 2021, doi: 10.51413/jisea.vol2.iss1.2021.75-90.

[46] B. A. Nadi, “The Significance and Strategies for Environmental Conservation in the Light of Islamic Teachings,” Jami Scientific Research Quarterly Journal, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 113-132, 2023, doi: 10.61438/jsrqj.v8i3.36.

[47] K. Lloyd and W. Pennington, “Towards a Theory of Minimalism and Well-being,” Int J Appl Posit Psychol, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 121-136, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s41042-020-00030-y.

[48] S. Yousefi, A. Hassanzadeh, R. F. Saen, and Z. M. Kashi, “Assessing Sustainability of Islamic Countries Via Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA),” Clean Technol Environ Policy, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1129-1143, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10098-020-02002-x.

[49] M. S. Islam, “Old Philosophy, New Movement: The Rise of the Islamic Ecological Paradigm in the Discourse of Environmentalism,” Nature and Culture, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 72-94, 2012, doi: 10.3167/nc.2012.070105.

[50] I. Zilio-Grandi, “Environmentalism and Sustainability as an Expression of Islamic Morality,” Lagoonscapes, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 245-262, 2022, doi: 10.30687/lgsp//2021/02/006.

[51] S. Omer, “Tawhid and Its Implications for Islamic Architecture,” Journal of Architecture, Planning and Construction Management, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 21-36, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31436/japcm.v1i2.465.

[52] C. A. Wei, M. L. Deaton, T. J. Shume, R. Berardo, and W. R. Burnside, “A framework for teaching socio-environmental problem-solving,” J Environ Stud Sci, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 467-477, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s13412-020-00603-y.

[53] L. Bsoul, A. Omer, L. Kucukalic, and R. H. Archbold, “Islam’s Perspective on Environmental Sustainability: A Conceptual Analysis,” Soc Sci, vol. 11, no. 6, 2022, doi: 10.3390/socsci11060228.

[54] V. Stevanovic, “Theories of Minimalism in Architecture: Post Scriptum,” Arhitektura i urbanizam, no. 35, 2012, pp. 3-9, doi: 10.5937/arhurb1235003s.

[55] I. P. Canlas and M. Karpudewan, “The Continuum of Pro-Environmental Behaviour in the Context of the Value-Belief-Norm Theory of Environmentalism: Implications Towards Sustainable Development,” International Journal of Sustainable Development, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 22-50, 2023, doi: 10.1504/IJSD.2023.129143.

[56] S. Fuller, “Philosophy and the Precautionary Principle: Science, Evidence and Environmental Policy,” Prometheus, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 165–168, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1080/08109028.2018.1518509.

[57] H. Zolfagharzadeh, “An Analysis of Attitudes Towards Islamic Architecture” JRIA, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 29-45, 2014.

[58] M. Mohammadi and M. Keramatifard, “Philosophy of Aesthetics and Art in Islamic Architecture,” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 612-626, 2021.

[59] P. Tosun and S. Sezgin, “Voluntary Simplicity: A Content Analysis of Consumer Comments,” Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 484-494, 2021, doi: 10.1108/JCM-04-2020-3749.

[60] R. N. Aulia, F. M. Jasin, S. Priyanto, M. R. Effendi, and I. Afifah, “Empowering Communities for Islamic Eco-Friendly House Development: A Case Study in a Tourist Village,” Indonesian Journal of Cultural and Community Development, vol. 14, no. 2, 2023, doi: 10.21070/ijccd.v14i2.972.

[61] Y. Li and P. Huang, “The Impact of minimalism on product Design: A Case study of Muji,” BCP Social Sciences & Humanities, vol. 19, 2022, doi: 10.54691/bcpssh.v19i.1633.

[62] I. A. Al Khafaji and I. J. Theban, “The Impact of Multi-functionality in Promoting the Aesthetic Values of Modern Islamic Architecture,” Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 122-134, 2020, doi: 10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.2.011.

[63] V. Zobundžija and Z. Dolaček - Alduk, “The Role of Higher Education Libraries in Promoting Sustainable Development - An Example of the Practice of the Library at the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek,” E-Zbornik, elektronički zbornik radova Građevinskog fakulteta, vol. 11, no. 21, 2021, doi: 10.47960/2232-9080.2021.21.11.53.

[64] D. U. Chukwu, H. O. Omeje, G. K. Okereke, C. P. Eze, and I. C. Odogwu, “Lecturers’ Perception of Green Building Technology: Implications to Sustainable Construction and Environmental Education in Anambra State, Nigeria,” Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 2022, doi: 10.53550/eec.2022.v28i02s.005.

[65] A. O. El-Kholei and G. A. Yassein, “Embedding sustainability and SDGs in architectural and planning education: reflections from a KAP survey, Egypt,” Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, vol. 17, no. 3, 2023, pp. 459-477, doi: 10.1108/ARCH-07-2022-0156.

[66] H. Mortada, “Traditional Islamic Values for Passive Environmental Design,” in Cities of Opportunities: Connecting Culture and Innovation, pp. 106-119, Reoutledge, 2020. doi: 10.4324/9781003022299-12.

[67] S. A. Daneshpour and M. Rousta, “Conceptual Framework of Sustainable Community in Islamic Ideology and Muslims Urban Planning Tradition,” JRIA, vol. 1, no. 1, 2014.

[68] N. Benslimane and R. W. Biara, “The urban sustainable structure of the vernacular city and its modern transformation: A case study of the popular architecture in the saharian Region,” in Energy Procedia, vol. 157, pp. 1241-1252, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.290.

[69] A. Sayigh, A. Trombadore, The Importance of Greenery in Sustainable Buildings. Springer, 2022.

[70] A. Almusaed, A. Almssad, R. Z. Homod, and I. Yitmen, “Environmental Profile on Building Material Passports for Hot Climates,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 9, 2020, doi: 10.3390/su12093720.

[71] V. Kabinesh et al., “Sustainable Spaces - The Evolution of Biophilic Design in Modern Architecture: A Review,” Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 64–67, Apr. 2024. DOI: 10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i5548

[72] M. Sijakovic and A. Peric, “Sustainable Architectural Design: Towards Climate Change Mitigation,” Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 385-400, 2020, doi: 10.1108/ARCH-05-2020-0097.

[73] M. Dabaieh, D. El Mahdy, and D. Maguid, “Living Labs as a Pedagogical Teaching Tool for Green Building Design and Construction in Hot Arid Regions,” Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 338-355, 2018, doi: 10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i1.1285.

[74] R. Blackburn, Z. Leviston, I. Walker, and A. Schram, “Could a Minimalist Lifestyle Reduce Carbon Emissions and Improve Well-Being? a Review of Minimalism and Other Low Consumption Lifestyles,” vol. 15, no. 2, 2024. doi: 10.1002/wcc.865.

[75] N. S. C. Issa and S. D. Al Abbar, “Sustainability in the Middle East: Achievements and Challenges,” International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 34-38, 2015, doi: 10.1080/2093761X.2015.1006709.

[76] S. H. Alsarmi and R. Washington, “Changes in Climate Extremes in the Arabian Peninsula: Analysis of Daily Data,” vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 1329-1345, 2014. doi: 10.1002/joc.3772.

[77] A. Farahat, “Air Pollution in the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman): Causes, Effects, and Aerosol Categorization,” Arabian Journal of Geosciences, vol. 9, no. 3, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s12517-015-2203-y.

[78] R. Grassa and K. Gazdar, “Financial Development and Economic Growth in GCC Countries: A Comparative Study Between Islamic and Conventional Finance,” Int J Soc Econ, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 493-514, 2014, doi: 10.1108/IJSE-12-2012-0232.

[79] J. A. Burt et al., “The Emirates at 2050: Balancing Development and Environmental Stewardship,” in A Natural History of the Emirates, pp. 735-748, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-37397-8_24.

[80] N. Issa and S. Al Abbar, “International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology Sustainability in the Middle East: Achievements and Challenges,” International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 34-38, 2015. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2015.1006709.

[81] S. M. Saradara, M. M. A. Khalfan, A. Rauf, and R. Qureshi, “On the Path Towards Sustainable Construction—The Case of the United Arab Emirates: A Review,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 19, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914652.

[82] R. AL-Dabbagh, “Dubai, the Sustainable, Smart City,” Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability, vol. 7, no. 3, 2022, doi: 10.1051/rees/2021049.

[83] Y. E. L. Fouih, A. Allouhi, J. Abdelmajid, T. Kousksou, and Y. Mourad, “Post Energy Audit of Two Mosques as a Case Study of Intermittent Occupancy Buildings: Toward More Sustainable Mosques,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 23, 2020, doi: 10.3390/su122310111.

[84] A. Bonoli, S. Zanni, and F. Serrano-Bernardo, “Sustainability in Building and Construction Within the Framework of Circular Cities and European New Green Deal. The Contribution of Concrete Recycling,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 4, 2021. doi: 10.3390/su13042139.

[85] M. O. Oyebanji and D. Kirikkaleli, “Green Technology, Green Electricity, and Environmental Sustainability in Western European Countries,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 30, no. 13, pp. 38525-38534, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-24793-w.

[86] L. Nyhagen, “Mosques as Gendered Spaces: The Complexity of Women’s Compliance With, and Resistance to, Dominant Gender Norms, and the Importance of Male Allies,” Religions (Basel), vol. 10, no. 5, 2019, doi: 10.3390/rel10050321.

[87] C. P. Pow, “Building a Harmonious Society through Greening: Ecological Civilization and Aesthetic Governmentality in China,” Ann Am Assoc Geogr, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 864-883, 2018, doi: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1373626.

[88] V. K. Jain, A. Gupta, and H. Verma, “Goodbye Materialism: Exploring Antecedents of Minimalism and Its Impact on Millennials Well-Being,” Environ Dev Sustain, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 19779-19805, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s10668-023-03437-0.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v9i1.28648

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2026 Eko Ariwidodo

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 

EDITORIAL OFFICE

Department of Architecture, Faculty of Science and Technology
Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang
Jalan Gajayana 50 Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia 65144
Phone (+62) 341 558933, Facsimile (+62) 341 558933
e-mail: journal.islamicarchitecture@gmail.com / jia@uin-malang.ac.id

 

 Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.