An Ancient Mosque In Ningbo, China “Historical And Architectural Study”

Hamada Muhammed Hagras

Abstract


With the rise of Tang dynasty (618–907), Ningbo was an important commercial city on the Chinese eastern coast. Arab merchants had an important role in trade relations between China and the West. Ningbo mosque was initially built in 1003 during Northern Song period by Muslims traders who had migrated from Arab lands to settle in China. Through ongoing research of representative Muslim architecture, such as Chinese Mosques, this paper seeks to shed light on the artistic features of this mosque. Many of the key characteristics of this distinctive ethnic heritage are based on commonly held religious beliefs and on the relationship between culture and religion. This paper aims to study the characteristics of Chinese mosques architecture, through studying one of the most important planning patterns of the traditional courtyards plan Known as Siheyuan, and it will also make a practical study on Ningbo Yuehu Mosque. The result of this study shows that the Ningbo Yuehu mosque is like Chinese mosques which follows essentially the norms of Chinese planning, layout design, and wooden structures.


Keywords


Ningbo; Mosque; Plan; Courtyard; Inscriptions

Full Text:

PDF

References


M. Ember, C. R. Ember, and I. Skoggard, “Diaspora Communities,” Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Springer, p. 154, 2004.

Weichao Yu, A Journey into China’s Antiquity: Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, Northern and Southern Song Dynasties. Michigan: University of Michigan: Morning Glory Publishers, 1997.

H. Hanshu, 后汉书 (Book of later Han Dynasty), Vol 88. 北京 (Beijing), China: 中华书局 (Zhonghua Shuju), 1999.

Armajani, Iran. New Jersey, 1972.

D. Leslie, Islam in Traditional China, A Short History to 1800. Canberra: Canberra College of Advanced Education, 1986.

Ying Zhu, “Evidence of Existing Knowledge of China and its influence on European Art and Architecture in The sixteen and seventeen centuries,” Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.

G. K. Ahmed, “阿中友好关系中的民间外交 (Nongovernmental Diplomacy in Arab:Chinese Friendly Relations,” in 阿拉伯世界研究 (Arab World Studies), 2008, pp. 10–18.

J. Tangshu, “Chinaknowledge,” 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/jiutangshu.html.

A. J. M. ibn J. Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, Vol. 4. Cairo: Dar al-Maearif, 1977.

C. T. Advisor, “Ningbo Location Map,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.chinatouradvisors.com/UpLoad/Maps/Zhejiang-Map/Ningbo-Map/Ningbo-Map.jpg.

M. Leaning and D. Pratt, “Islam in China, From Silk Road to Separatism,” Muslim World, vol. 102, pp. 308–335, 2012.

C. Ning and T. Xiaofang, 中国回族文物 (Heritage of Chinese Hui Minority). Ningxia: 宁夏人民出版社 (Ningxia People’s Press), 2007.

X. Zongzheng, “怛逻斯之战历史溯源——唐与大食百年政治关系述略 651 —751 (Historical Origins of the Talas Campaign, A Brief Construction on Political Relations between the Tang and Arab from 651 - 751),” 中国边疆史地研究 (China’s Borderl. Hist. Geogr. Stud., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 85–100, 2000.

N. Steinhardt, “China’s Earliest Mosques,” J. Soc. Archit. Hist., vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 330–361, 2008.

WangxiaoFu, 史政大吐唐治食蕃关系 (History of Relations between Tang and Arabs). Beijing: 北京大学出版社 (Beijing University Press), 1992.

A. Wahbi, “Islamic Architecture in China, Mosques of Eastern China,” The American University in Cairo, 2000.

L. Ping, 中国伊斯兰教建筑 (Chinese Islamic Architecture). Beijing: 北京鑫联必升文化发展有限公司排版 (Beijing Xinlian House Publishing), 2008.

W. Youyong, 上海市重点学科建设项目资助: 现代中阿经贸合作研究 (Economic and Trade Cooperation between China and Arabs). Shanghai, Egypt: 上海外语教育出版社 (Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.

BenShe, 伊斯兰教建筑之,伊斯兰教建筑,穆斯林礼拜清真寺 (Islamic Architecture, Mosques). Beijing: 中国建筑工业出版社 (Architecture House Press), 2009.

J. Lipman, Familiar Strangers, A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Washington: University of Washington Press, 1997.

Z. Fu, 清代西北回民事变一社会夂化适应与民族认同的省思 (The Muslim Rebellion in the Northwest during the Qing Dynasty). Taipei: 联经出版事业公司 (Linking Publishing House), 2001.

M. Dillon, Muslim Hui Community, Migration, Settlement, and Sects. Curzon Press, 1999.

Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

W. Wang, S. Zhou, and C. Fan, “Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing,” Eurasian Geogr. Econ., vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 104–122, 2002.

W. Liu, History of Ningbo. Francisco: WILDFLOWERS INSTITUTE, 2005.

P. Gaubatz, Beyond the Great Wall: urban form and transformation on the Chinese frontiers. Broadway: Stanford University Press, 1996.

T. T. Sen and D. Chen, Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009.

I. Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta. Cairo, 1992.

L. Ting, “略论宋代伊斯兰教建筑 (On Islamic Architecture during Song Dynasty),” 民族历史学研究 (Journal Ethn. Hist. Stud., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 70–76, 2011.

L. Jing, “明州市舶史略 (Mingzhou Maritime History),” 海交史研究 (Maritime Hist. Stud., no. 3, pp. 85–92, 1981.

W. Lowrie, Memoirs of the Rev. Walter M. Lowrie: missionary to China. Harvard: R.Carter & brothers, 1850.

R. Israeli, Muslims In China, A Study In Cultural Confrontation. Curzon Press, 1980.

Hamada Muhammed Hagras, “Beijing Monumental Mosques Since The Fourth Century AH (Tenth Century AD) Until The Thirteenth Century AH (Nineteen Century AD) Architectural Archaeological Study,” Fayoum University, 2016.

E. C. Bridgman, The Chinese Repository. Hongkong: Victoria, 1844.

S. M. Jones, “The Ningbo Pang and Financial Power at Shanghai,” in The Chinese City Between Two Worlds, 1974, pp. 74–75.

“Geography & Map Division Library of Congress,” LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 1864. [Online]. Available: https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7824n.ct003081/.

G. Maps, “Ningbo Map,” 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com.eg/maps/place/Mosque/@29.869246,121.5382693,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x344d7cab2fb408e1:0xd60f06044bd3d3a!8m2!3d29.869246!4d121.540458?hl=en.

Tongxun, 伊斯兰教与北京清真寺文化 (Mosques and Islamic Culture in Beijing). Beijing: 中央民族大学出版社 ( Beijing Zhongyang Minzu University Press), 2003.

L. Cheng, 梁思成全集 (Liang Si Cheng Collection), Vol 6. Beijing: 中国建筑工业出版社 (Chinese Architecture Press), 2001.

M.-L. Hsieh, 六朝陶瓷論集 (Collected Papers on the Six Dynasties Ceramic). Taipei: 國立臺灣大學出版中心 (National Taiwan University Publishing Center), 2006.

Q. Lou, The Architectural Art of Ancient Chinese. Beijing: Beijing Intercontenintal Press, 2001.

B. Edwards, Courtyard Housing: Past, Present and Future. Taylor & Francis, 2006.

P. Clement, “Courtyard Houses,” Mimar, vol. 3, pp. 34–41, 1983.

Fanlu, “中国两类清真寺对比浅析 (Analysis on The Comparison of Two Chinese Types of Msques),” 建筑技艺 (Building Ski. Journal), no. 1, pp. 221–225, 2013.

Charles, Richards, and M. Osgood, “From Yang and Yin to and or but,” Language (Baltim)., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 380–412, 1973.

Taylor, Leon, and R. Latener, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism, Vol 2. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2005.

V. Rujivacharakul, “Chinese Houses: The Architectural Heritage of a Nation,” Tradit. Dwellings Settlements Rev., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 505–508, 2006.

G. Xiaodong, 伊斯兰建筑史图典 (Dictionary Of Islamic Architecture History). Beijing: 北京中国建筑工业出版 ( Beijing Chinese Architectural House Press), 2006.

L. Haiyuan, “论伊斯兰庭园艺术 (On the Islamic Garden Arts),” 华中建筑 (Chinese Archit. Journal), pp. 148–156, 2008.

C. Li and L. Ming, “浅谈中国伊斯兰教清真寺 (On The Chinese Muslim’s Mosques),” 江西建材 (Jiangxi Mater., no. 5, pp. 42–44, 2013.

James Curl, Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, 2nd editio. Oxford: OUP, 2006.

Q. Guo, The Mingqi Pottery Buildings Of Han Dynasty China, 206 BC: AD 220: Architectural Representations And Represented Architecture. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2010.

C. Ruilin and Degi, 中国古代图形艺术简史 (A Brief History of Graphic Arts of Ancient China). Qinghua: 清华大学出版社有限公司 (Qinghua University Press), 2006.

T. Grazulis, Significant tornadoes, 1680:1991. St. Johnsbury: Vt.: Environmental Films, 1993.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v4i3.3851

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2017 Journal of Islamic Architecture

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

EDITORIAL OFFICE

Department of Architecture, Faculty of Science and Technology
Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang
Jalan Gajayana 50 Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia 65144
Phone (+62) 341 558933,Facsimile (+62) 341 558933
e-mail: journal.islamicarchitecture@gmail.com / jia@uin-malang.ac.id

 

 Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.