Email this article 
The Levels of Joy in Muslims’ Celebrations: A Comparison between Eid and Weddings
Abstract
The current study intended to analyze the levels of joy in religious festivals. It involved 387 Pakistani Muslims including men (n=143) and women (n=282). Data was collected through a specifically developed questionnaire in Urdu. The findings revealed that Pakistani Muslims enjoy their festivals at a very low degree and the levels of joy in Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha remains significantly lower than the levels of joy in weddings. The level of joy for Pakistanis during different festivals could not exceed 31 percent. The findings further revealed that, instead of being joyous, a little minority of the respondents felt sadness and tiredness while celebrating different festivals. Men had significantly higher levels of joy on Eid-Ul-Fitr and Eid-Ul-Adha as compared to women. Women had significantly higher levels of joy on close-relative’s wedding as compared to men. Unmarried had significantly higher levels of joy on friend’s wedding as compared to married.
Kajian kali ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat keceriaan pada hari raya keagamaan. Ini melibatkan 387 Muslim Pakistan termasuk pria (n=143) dan wanita (n=282). Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner yang dikembangkan secara khusus dalam bahasa Urdu. Temuan mengungkapkan bahwa Muslim Pakistan menikmati festival mereka pada tingkat yang sangat rendah dan tingkat kegembiraan di Idul Fitri dan Idul Adha tetap jauh lebih rendah daripada tingkat kegembiraan dalam pernikahan. Tingkat kegembiraan orang Pakistan selama festival yang berbeda tidak bisa melebihi 31 persen. Temuan lebih lanjut mengungkapkan bahwa, alih-alih gembira, sebagian kecil responden merasakan kesedihan dan kelelahan saat merayakan festival yang berbeda. Pria memiliki tingkat kegembiraan yang jauh lebih tinggi pada Idul Fitri dan Idul Adha dibandingkan dengan wanita. Wanita memiliki tingkat kegembiraan yang jauh lebih tinggi pada pernikahan kerabat dekat dibandingkan dengan pria. Belum menikah memiliki tingkat kegembiraan yang jauh lebih tinggi pada pernikahan teman dibandingkan dengan menikah.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2006). Happiness, health, and religiosity: Significant relations. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 9(1), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/13694670500040625
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2007). Religiosity, happiness, health, and psychopathology in a probability sample of Muslim adolescents. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10(6), 571–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670601034547
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2014). Religiosity and Well-Being in a Muslim Context (pp. 71–85). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8950-9_4
Abdel-Khalek, A. M., & Lester, D. (2009). A significant association between religiosity and happiness in a sample of Kuwaiti students. Psychological Reports, 105(2), 381–382. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.105.2.381-382
Abdel-Khalek, A. M., & Naceur, F. (2007). Religiosity and its association with positive and negative emotions among college students from Algeria. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/13694670500497197
Armbrecht, J., & Andersson, T. D. (2020). The event experience, hedonic and eudaimonic satisfaction and subjective well-being among sport event participants. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 12(3), 457–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2019.1695346
Ballantyne, J., Ballantyne, R., & Packer, J. (2014). Designing and managing music festival experiences to enhance attendees’ psychological and social benefits. Musicae Scientiae, 18(1), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/1029864913511845
Biaett, V. (2017). Festivity, Play, Well-Being …Historical and Rhetorical Relationships: Implications for Communities. In Handbook of Community Well-Being Research (pp. 189–198). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0878-2_10
Brennan-Horley, C., Connell, J., & Gibson, C. (2007). The Parkes Elvis Revival Festival: Economic development and contested place identities in rural Australia. Geographical Research, 45(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2007.00429.x
Carlsen, J., Andersson, T. D., Ali-Knight, J., Jaeger, K., & Taylor, R. (2010). Festival management innovation and failure. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 1(2), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1108/17852951011056900
Chang, P. J., Lin, Y., & Song, R. (2019). Leisure Satisfaction Mediates the Relationships between Leisure Settings, Subjective Well-Being, and Depression among Middle-Aged Adults in Urban China. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 14(4), 1001–1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9630-3
Christou, E. (2015). Branding Social Media in the Travel Industry. In Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 175, pp. 607–614). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1244
Cudny, W. (2014). Festivals as a subject for geographical research. Geografisk Tidsskrift, 114(2), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2014.895673
Cudny, W., & Rouba, R. (2011). Theatre and Multicultural Festivals in Lodz As a Free Time Management Factor Among the Inhabitants and Tourists in the Post-Industrial City. Acta Geographica Universitatis Comenianae, 55(1), 3–22.
Davies, W. K. D. (2015). Festive Cities: Multi-Dimensional Perspectives. In GeoJournal Library (Vol. 112, pp. 533–561). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9655-2_14
Derrett, R. (2002). Making sense of how festivals demonstrate a community’s sense of place. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 7(3), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10295390208718739
Eriksson, K. H., Hjalmarsson, R., Lindquist, M. J., & Sandberg, A. (2016). The importance of family background and neighborhood effects as determinants of crime. Journal of Population Economics, 29(1), 219–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-015-0566-8
Francis, L. J., Katz, Y. J., Yablon, Y., & Robbins, M. (2004). Religiosity, Personality, and Happiness: A Study among Israeli Male Undergraduates. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(4), 315–333. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:johs.0000048460.35705.e8
Francis, L. J., & Lester, D. (1997). Religion, personality and happiness. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 12(1), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537909708580791
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3). https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
French, S., & Joseph, S. (1999). Religiosity and its association with happiness, purpose in life, and self-actualisation. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 2(2), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674679908406340
Gibson, C, Connell, J., Waitt, G., & Walmsley, J. (2011). The extent and significance of rural festivals. Festival Places: Revitalising Rural Australia, 2–24.
Gibson, Chris, & Kong, L. (2005). Cultural economy: a critical review. Progress in Human Geography, 29(5), 541–561.
Gupta, V., & Chadha, N. K. (2014). From correlation to causation: Understanding the effect of spirituality on well being. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 5(2).
Gursoy, D., Bonn, M. A., & Chi, C. G. (2010). An examination of general, nondestination-specific versus destination-specific motivational factors. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 19(4), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368621003667077
Gursoy, D., Kim, K., & Uysal, M. (2004). Perceived impacts of festivals and special events by organizers: An extension and validation. Tourism Management, 25(2), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00092-X
Hafeez, A., & Rafique, R. (2013). Spirituality and Religiosity as Predictors of Psychological Well-Being in Residents of Old Homes. Dialogue (Pakistan), 8(3).
Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2013). Relationship dissolution following infidelity. Handbook of Divorce and Relationship Dissolution, 153–168. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315820880-17
Hamouda, R. M. (2016). Engineering and Environmental Parameters for Biogas Production. International Journal of Waste Resources, 6(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000218
Hassan, S., & Husain, W. (2020). The different levels of depression and anxiety among Pakistani professionals. Insights on the Depression and Anxiety, 4(1), 012–018. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.ida.1001014
Huizinga, J. (1955). A Study of the Play Element in Culture (originally published 1938). Boston: Beacon.
Husain, W., Gulzar, A., Aqeel, M., & Rana, A. U. R. (2016). The mediating role of depression, anxiety and stress between job strain and turnover intentions among male and female teachers. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 10(1).
Husain, W. (2018). Las tendencias prevalentes en trastornos mentales en pakistán. Clinica y Salud, 29(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.5093/clysa2018a6
Husain, W. (2020). Barriers in Seeking Psychological Help: Public Perception in Pakistan. Community Mental Health Journal, 56(1), 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00464-y
Husain, W., & Faize, F. A. (2020). Public awareness of psychological problems in Pakistan. Mental Health Review Journal, 25(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHRJ-09-2019-0033
Husain, W., Gulzar, A., & Tofail, S. (2016). How Pakistanis Cope with Stress ? Pakistan Perspectives, 21(2), 189–206. https://search.proquest.com/openview/4ca3dd3e4deed16efacad042d425846b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=616532
Jepson, A., & Stadler, R. (2017). Conceptualizing the impact of festival and event attendance upon family quality of life (QOL). Event Management, 21(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599517X14809630271078
Jesarati, A., Hemmati, A., Mohammadi, I., Jesarati, A., & Moshiri, R. (2013). 4The Relationship Between Religious Attitude, Social Relationship with Happiness of College Students. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 5(1).
Johnson, M. K. (2020). Joy: a review of the literature and suggestions for future directions. Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1685581
Jung, J. H. (2014). Religious Attendance, Stress, and Happiness in South Korea: Do Gender and Religious Affiliation Matter? Social Indicators Research, 118(3), 1125–1145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0459-8
Kavetsos, G., & Szymanski, S. (2010). National well-being and international sports events. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(2), 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2009.11.005
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
Korec, P., Cudny, W., & Rouba, R. (2012). Resident’s perception of festivals - a case study of Lódź. Sociológia - Slovak Sociological Review, 44(6), 704–728.
Krumboltz, J. D., Foley, P. F., & Cotter, E. W. (2013). Applying the happenstance learning theory to involuntary career transitions. Career Development Quarterly, 61(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2013.00032.x
Lengieza, M. L., Hunt, C. A., & Swim, J. K. (2019). Measuring eudaimonic travel experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 74©, 195–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.05.002
Levickaite, R. (2011). City festival - a traditional cultural expression of the creative industries (the case of International Contemporary Dance Festival “New Baltic Dance”)1. Limes, 4(1), 36–53. https://doi.org/10.3846/20290187.2011.577178
Levin, J., & Chatters, L. (1998). Research on Religion and Mental HealthAn Overview of Empirical Findings and Theoretical Issues. In Handbook of Religion and Mental Health (pp. 33–50). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012417645-4/50006-7
Levin, J. S., & Chatters, L. M. (1998). Religion, health, and psychological well-being in older adults findings from three national surveys. Journal of Aging and Health, 10(4), 504–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/089826439801000406
Liang, Y., Illum, S., & Cole, S. (2008). Benefits received and behavioural intentions of festival visitors in relation to distance travelled and their origins. International Journal of Event Management Research, 4(1), 12–23.
Liu, E. Y., Koenig, H. G., & Wei, D. (2012). Discovering a blissful island: Religious involvement and happiness in Taiwan. In Sociology of Religion: A Quarterly Review (Vol. 73, Issue 1, pp. 46–68). https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srr032
Madhusudhan, L. (2016). Floral Festival: A Culture of Telangana. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6200.1000227
Magana, J., & Nyamoga, G. (2016). Sawnwood Substitution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and its Linkage to Environmental Conservation. Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography, 1(5). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.s5-006
Magpantay, J. H., Decena, J. C., Mae, D., De Torres, M., John, M., Garcia, K. R., Jinell, A., Villalobos, S., Felicen, S. S., & Dinglasan, K. (2014). Socio-Cultural Effects of Festivals in Batangas Province, Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 1(1), 2362–8022. www.apjeas.apjmr.com
Maheshwari, S., & Singh, P. (2009). Psychological well-being and pilgrimage: Religiosity, happiness and life satisfaction of Ardh-Kumbh Mela pilgrims (Kalpvasis) at Prayag, India: Short notes. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12(4), 285–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2009.01291.x
McCann, E. J. (2002). The cultural politics of local economic development: Meaning-making, place-making and the urban policy process. Geoforum, 33(3), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(02)00007-6
Meadows, C. M. (2013). A psychological perspective on joy and emotional fulfillment. In A Psychological Perspective on Joy and Emotional Fulfillment. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203766552
Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2010). Hope: The Power of Wish and Possibility. Theory & Psychology, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354309354393
Mingo, I., & Montecolle, S. (2014). Subjective and Objective Aspects of Free Time: The Italian Case. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(2), 425–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9429-8
Moltmann, J., Wright, Ν. T., Thompson, M. M., Moschella, M. C., Mathewes, C., Volf, M., & Thompson, M. M. (2017). Reflections on Joy in the Bible. In Joy and Human Flourishing. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt155j2mp.5
Murgiyanto, S. (2017). Kritik Pertunjukan dan Pengalaman Keindahan. Pascasarjana IKJ.
Newman, D. B., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2014). Leisure and Subjective Well-Being: A Model of Psychological Mechanisms as Mediating Factors. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(3), 555–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9435-x
Ngernyuang, K., & Ying Wu, P. (2020). Using Social Media as A Tool for Promoting Festival Tourism. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, 12(3), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijcsit.2020.12302
Niko, N., & Atem, A. (2019). Festival Air (Songkran): Komodifikasi Budaya di Thailand. Simulacra: Jurnal Sosiologi, 2(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.21107/sml.v2i1.5518
Osnes, B. (2011). The shadow puppet theatre of Malaysia: a study of wayang kulit with performance scripts and puppet designs. In Choice Reviews Online (Vol. 48, Issue 10). McFarland. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.48-5609
Park, G.-J., & Jung, H.-M. (2014). Effects of the Sex Education Program on Elders’ Sex Perception and Life Satisfaction. The Korean Journal of Health Service Management, 8(3), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.12811/kshsm.2014.8.3.181
Parveen, S., Sandilya, G., & Shafiq, M. (2014). Religiosity and mental health among Muslim youth. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 5(3).
Porsche, M., & Maennig, W. (2011). The Feel-Good Effect at Mega Sport Events - Recommendations for Public and Private Administration Informed by the Experience of the FIFA World Cup 2006. SSRN Electronic Journal, 18. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1541952
Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Nunkoo, R., & Alders, T. (2013). London residents’ support for the 2012 Olympic Games: The mediating effect ofoverall attitude. Tourism Management, 36, 629–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.003
Priporas, C. V., Vassiliadis, C. A., Stylos, N., & Fotiadis, A. K. (2018). The effect of sport tourists’ travel style, destination and event choices, and motivation on their involvement in small-scale sports events. Event Management, 22(5), 745–765. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599518X15299559637707
Quinn, B. (2005). Arts festivals and the city. Urban Studies, 42(5–6), 927–943. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107250
Revilla Hernandez, M., Santana Talavera, A., & Parra Lopez, E. (2016). Effects of co-creation in a tourism destination brand image through Twitter. Journal of Tourism , Heritage & Services Marketing, 2(2), 3–10. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/77595/
Richardson, M., McEwan, K., Maratos, F., & Sheffield, D. (2016). Joy and Calm: How an Evolutionary Functional Model of Affect Regulation Informs Positive Emotions in Nature. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-016-0065-5
Rizzi, P., & Dioli, I. (2010). Strategic Planning and Place Marketing: the Italian Case. Journal of Town & City Management, 1(3), 1–21.
Roemer, M. K. (2007). Ritual participation and social support in a major Japanese festival. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 46(2), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2007.00350.x
Saleh, F., & Ryan, C. (1993). Jazz and knitwear. Factors that attract tourists to festivals. Tourism Management, 14(4), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(93)90063-Q
Shiota, M. N., Neufeld, S. L., Yeung, W. H., Moser, S. E., & Perea, E. F. (2011). Feeling Good: Autonomic Nervous System Responding in Five Positive Emotions. Emotion, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024278
Smith, M. K., & Diekmann, A. (2017). Tourism and wellbeing. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.05.006
Stevens, Q., & Shin, H. R. (2014). Urban Festivals and Local Social Space. Planning Practice and Research, 29(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2012.699923
Suhail, K., & Chaudhry, H. R. (2004). Predictors of subjective well-being in an eastern Muslim culture. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(3), 359–376. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.3.359.35451
Tynsong, I. (2019). Connecting Cultural and festival in Preserving the Identity: A Case of Nongkrem Festival. Journal of the Gujarat Research Society, 21(10), 965–975.
Violanti, J. M., Castellano, C., O’Rourke, J., & Paton, D. (2006). Proximity to the 9/11 terrorist attack and suicide ideation in police officers. Traumatology, 12(3), 248–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765606296533
Yoo, I. Y., Lee, T. J., & Lee, C. K. (2015). Effect of Health and Wellness Values on Festival Visit Motivation. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(2), 152–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2013.866970
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/eh.v23i2.14084
Editorial Office: | Phone : +6282333435641 |
