Drugs In Quranic Perspective: An Overview

Abur Hamdi Usman, Rosni Wazir, Syamim Zakwan Rosman, Abdul Hadi Awang, Suriani Sudi, Norsaleha Mohd Salleh

Abstract


Drug is a particular term for a substance harmful to a person’s physical, spiritual (mental and emotional), and behavior when used. As a result of this effect, a person who uses drugs will become dependent on the drug and addicted. In other words, drugs carry a very high risk that can be fatal. However, the dangers of drugs that are contagious in society today are given serious attention by Islam. In this regard, fatwā (a decision officially given by a Mufti or a Shariah State Committee) has already been issued to ban drug use. Thus, the Quran, as the primary reference in Islam, has a vital role in resolving the problem of Muslims related to drugs. Using the qualitative method of the library research, this article shows that there are several verses of the Quran that discuss and provide guidance to the community in dealing with this issue. From the Quran, the word drug is associated with the meaning of the word al-Khamr (alcohol/intoxicant). Hence, the impact of drug abuse has many negative effects on society and this study can be used to supplement the existing literature to build modules, conduct rehabilitation programs or parental counseling by using the Quranic approach


Narkoba adalah istilah khusus untuk zat yang berbahaya bagi fisik, ruhani (mental dan emosional), dan perilaku seseorang ketika digunakan. Akibat dari efek ini, seseorang yang menggunakan narkoba akan menjadi kecanduan. Dengan kata lain, narkoba membawa risiko yang sangat tinggi yang bisa berakibat fatal. Namun, bahaya narkoba yang mewabah di masyarakat dewasa ini mendapat perhatian serius oleh Islam. Dalam hal ini, fatwa (keputusan resmi yang diberikan oleh Mufti) telah dikeluarkan untuk melarang penggunaan narkoba. Dengan demikian, al-Qur’an sebagai rujukan utama dalam Islam memiliki peran vital dalam menyelesaikan masalah umat Islam terkait narkoba. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif perpustakaan, artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa ada beberapa ayat al-Qur’an yang membahas dan memberikan pedoman kepada masyarakat dalam menangani masalah ini. Dari al-Qur’an, kata narkoba dikaitkan dengan arti kata al-Khamr (alkohol/mabuk). Oleh karena itu, penyalahgunaan narkoba memiliki banyak dampak negatif bagi masyarakat dan penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk melengkapi literatur yang ada untuk membangun modul, melakukan program rehabilitasi atau konseling orang tua dengan menggunakan pendekatan al-Qur’an

Keywords


Drugs; Quran; Spiritual; al-Khamr; Religion

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdul Manas, M. F., Abd Ghani, A. R., & Daud, M. N. (2018). Aplikasi Maqasid Syariah terhadap pentafsiran ayat hukum arak dalam Tafsir al-Azhar. Sains Humanika, 10(3–4), Artikel 1549. https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v10n3-4.1549

Abdullah, F. I., Abdullah, B., & Ali, M. S. (2020). Sorotan kajian rawatan ketagihan dadah. Jurnal Islam dan Masyarakat Kontemporari, 21(1), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.37231/jimk.2020.21.1.468

Al-Ghalith, A. (1992). Does the biopsychosocial-spiritual model of addiction apply in an Islamic context? A qualitative study of Jordanian addicts in treatment. International Fiction Review, 9(2), 103–108.

al-Ghassānī, W. (1990). Ḥadīqa al-Azhar fī Mahiyah al-‘Ushb wa al-‘Aqqār. Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.

al-Ghazālī, A. H. (n.d.). al-Mustaṣfā min ‘llm al-Uṣūl. Shirkah al-Madinah al-Munawwarah.

Ali, M. (2014). Perspectives on drug addiction in Islamic history and theology. Religions, 5(3), 912–928. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel5030912

al-Raysūnī, A. (1992). Naẓariah al-Maqāṣid ‘inda al-Imām al-Shāṭibī. al-Muassasah al-Jāmi‘iyyah.

al-Shāṭibī, A. I. (1997). al-Muwāfaqāt (Vol. 2). Dar Ibn ‘Affān.

al-Ṭabarī, I. J. (n.d.). Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī (Vol. 2). Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.

al-Zarkashī, B. (1990). Zahr al-‘Arīsh fī Taḥrīm al-Ḥashīsh. Dar al-Wafa’.

Ariffin, N. M. (2016). Pengaruh kesejahteraan rohani terhadap kecenderungan pengulangan dadah di tujuh Pusat Khidmat Agensi Anti Dadah Kebangsaan (PKAADK) di Malaysia [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Universiti Malaya.

Baasher, T. (1981). The use of drugs in the Islamic world. Addiction, 76(3), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb00230.x

Badri, M. (2009). The AIDS crisis: An Islamic socio-cultural perspective. In E. Farid & C. Sarah (Eds.), Islam and AIDS: Between Scorn, Pity and Justice (pp. 28–42). Oneworld Publications.

Baharom, N. (2005). Kamus Dewan (Edisi ke-4). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

bin Shaikh Mohd Salleh, S. M. S., & Kamarulzaman, A. (2016). Implementation of an Islamic approach to harm reduction among illicit drug users in Malaysia. In I. Hashim (Ed.), Islamic perspectives on science and technology (pp. 269–274). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-778-9_18

Cavanagh, S. (1997). Content analysis: Concepts, methods and applications. Nurse Researcher, 4(3), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.4.3.5.s2

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Downe‐Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International, 13(3), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006

Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x

Fleury, J. M. (1978). Drug abuse is a growing problem in West Africa. IDRC Reports, 7(3), 9–10.

Ghaferi, H. al, Bond, C., & Matheson, C. (2017). Does the biopsychosocial-spiritual model of addiction apply in an Islamic context? A qualitative study of Jordanian addicts in treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 172, 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.019

Ghani, S. A., & Adam, F. (2014). Pemulihan dadah menurut perspektif agama di Malaysia. Jurnal Hadhari, 6(1), 175–185.

Ghani, S. B. A., Rashidi, F., & Wahab, B. (2014). Penilaian penyalahgunaan dadah menurut fatwa ulama dari perspektif Islam. Journal of Business and Social Development, 2(1), 57–62.

Giommoni, L., Gundur, R. V., & Cheekes, E. (2020). International drug trafficking: Past, present, and prospective trends. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.470

Gombo, F. T. (2018). An investigation of the impact of drugs and substance abuse on Muslim families in Eastleigh, Nairobi County [Master’s thesis, University of Nairobi]. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/105366

Gunardi, S. (2018). Arak dan minuman-minuman yang memabukkan menurut pandangan ulama empat mazhab dan fatwa. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 6(2), 61–71. https://mjsl.usim.edu.my/index.php/jurnalmjsl/article/view/144

Hai, A. H., Franklin, C., Park, S., DiNitto, D. M., & Aurelio, N. (2019). The efficacy of spiritual/religious interventions for substance use problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 202, 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.045

Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687

Ibn Manẓūr, J. (n.d.). Lisān al-‘Arab (Vol. 4). Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.

Ibn Taymiyyah, T. (n.d.). Majmū‘ah al-Fatāwā (Vol. 34). Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.

Ibn Taymiyyah, T. (1987). al-Fatāwā al-Kubrā. Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.

Jiang, G., Tang, S., & Jiang, Q. (2021). Drugs behind the veil of Islam: A view of Saudi youth. Crime, Law and Social Change, 76(3), 299–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-021-09943-4

Khaledian, M., Pishvaei, M., Karami Baghteyfouni, Z., & Smaeili, M. (2017). Effect of Islamic-based spiritual therapy on self-esteem and mental health of addicts. Journal of Research and Health, 7(2), 719–728. http://jrh.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-1129-en.pdf

Khoshtinat, V. (2017). Review the impact of adherence to Islamic beliefs concerning healthy lifestyle, general health and academic achievement as well as factors affecting drug consumption. Medbiotech Journal, 1(3), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.22034/mbt.2017.87026

Konstantinov, V., Reznik, A., Zangeneh, M., Gritsenko, V., Khamenka, N., Kalita, V., & Isralowitz, R. (2021). Foreign medical students in Eastern Europe: Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about medical cannabis for pain management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 2137. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042137

Marsiglia, F. F., Kulis, S., Nieri, T., & Parsai, M. (2005). God forbid! Substance use among religious and nonreligious youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(4), 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.75.4.585

Mauseth, K. B., Skalisky, J., Clark, N. E., & Kaffer, R. (2016). Substance use in Muslim culture: Social and generational changes in acceptance and practice in Jordan. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(4), 1312–1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0064-z

Michalak, L., & Trocki, K. (2006). Alcohol and Islam: An overview. Contemporary Drug Problems, 33(4), 523–562. https://doi.org/10.1177/009145090603300401

Mohamed, Z. I., Husain, H. R., Mohamad, N., Mat, K. C., Omar, S. H. S., & Othman, M. S. (2016). Model terapi psikospiritual berdasarkan al-Qur’an terhadap klien kebergantungan opiat yang menjalani terapi gantian metadon (TGM). In Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science and Civilisation (pp. 175–185).

Mohd Ariffin, N. (2017). Kesejahteraan agama dalam kalangan bekas pengguna dadah (BPD) bagi mengurangkan risiko pengulangan dadah. Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial. https://doi.org/10.32890/jps.20.2017.11538

Morgan, D. L. (1993). Qualitative content analysis: A guide to paths not taken. Qualitative Health Research, 3(1), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239300300107

Murad, N. A. M., Ahmad, N., & Hamsan, H. H. (2016). Program rawatan dan pemulihan dadah di Pusat Pemulihan Penagihan Dadah, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 1(3), 14–30. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v1i3.15

Nahas, G. G. (1982). Hashish in Islam 9th to 18th century. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 58(9), 814–831. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1805385/

Nasrijal, N. M. H., & Joni, E. K. E. (2015). The perils of drug trafficking: Endangering the Malay and Muslim society. In Islamic perspectives relating to business, arts, culture and communication (pp. 199–207). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-429-0_19

Othman, Y. B., Mahat, I. R. B., & Joni, E. K. E. (2015). A study on syariah whipping as punishment for drug dependents in Malaysia. In Islamic perspectives relating to business, arts, culture and communication (pp. 475–483). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-429-0_43

Palgi, P. (1975). The traditional role and symbolism of hashish among Moroccan Jews in Israel and the effect of acculturation. In Cannabis and Culture (pp. 207–216). DE GRUYTER MOUTON. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110812060.207

Prince, R. (1974). The non-western use of hallucinatory agents. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 11(1), 24–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/136346157401100108

Sabry, W., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6), 205. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534

Sattari, M., Mashayekhi, S., & Mashayekhi, S. (2012). Islam and addiction. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18(3), 151–158.

Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative content analysis in practice. SAGE Publications.

Scorzelli, J. (1987). Drugs abuse: Prevention and rehabilitation in Malaysia. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Spencer, C. (1985). Tradition, cultural patterns and drug availability as predictors of youthful drug abuse: A comparison of Malaysia with post-revolutionary Iran. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 17(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1985.10472314

Stylianou, S. (2004). The role of religiosity in the opposition to drug use. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48(4), 429–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X03261253

Tinasti, K. (2020). Drug use, policies and prohibition in Muslim countries. In Research Handbook on International Drug Policy (pp. 145–162). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788117067.00018

Unlu, A., & Sahin, I. (2016). Religiosity and youth substance use in a Muslim context. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(3), 287–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2015.1033664

Usman, A. H., & Abdul Kadir, M. N. (2020). Discussion on the Maqāṣid al-Qur’ān: Classical and contemporary intellectual response. Al-Irsyad: Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Issues, 5(1), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.53840/alirsyad.v5i1.67

Wani, I. A., & Singh, B. (2019). Effect of Islamic psycho-spiritual therapy in managing craving, withdrawal symptoms, and mental health problems among cannabis users. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22(7), 674–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1581755

Wazir, R., Usman, A. H., Mohd Salleh, N., Sudi, S., Awang, A. H., & Rosman, S. (2020a). Pencegahan dadah dalam kalangan belia berisiko melalui elemen penghayatan akidah. Al-Irsyad: Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Issues, 5(2), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.53840/alirsyad.v5i2.95

Wazir, R., Usman, A. H., Mohd Salleh, N., Sudi, S., Awang, A. H., & Rosman, S. (2020b). Pencegahan dadah golongan berisiko menurut pendekatan psikospiritual al-Ghazālī (W. 505 H.). Al-Irsyad: Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Issues, 5(2), 391–403.

Wazir, R., Usman, A. H., Saleh, N. M., Sudi, S., Awang, A. H., & Rosman, S. Z. (2019). Hadis targhib dan tarhib dalam menangani isu penagihan dadah. HADIS, 9(17), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.53840/hadis.v9i17.56

Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

Yassin, M., Haluza-Delay, R., Kadiri, M., Ouahrani, A. E., Mesa, J. M., & Merzouki, A. (2019). Cannabis cultivation within a religious context: A case study of Ghomara in the Rif Mountain (Northern Morocco). Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 18(1), 45–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2017.1300972

Zamani-Farahani, H., & Musa, G. (2012). The relationship between Islamic religiosity and residents’ perceptions of socio-cultural impacts of tourism in Iran: Case studies of Sare’in and Masooleh. Tourism Management, 33(4), 802–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.09.003




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/eh.v24i1.15033

Editorial Office: Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang
Jalan Gajayana No.50, Malang, Indonesia 65144
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
This work is licensed under a CC-BY-NC-SA.
ISSN: 1858-4357 | e-ISSN: 2356-1734
Phone: +6282333435641
Fax: (0341) 572533
Email: elharakah@uin-malang.ac.id
elharakahjurnal@gmail.com
Website: http://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/infopub
Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang