TAWHID AND THE CRITICISM OF MODERN HUMANISM: Reflection on Alî Sharî’atî’s Thought

Zulfan Taufik; Muhammad Taufik

doi:10.18860/ua.v24i2.23522

TAWHID AND THE CRITICISM OF MODERN HUMANISM: Reflection on Alî Sharî’atî’s Thought

Zulfan Taufik, Muhammad Taufik

Abstract

Modern humanism's promise of elevating human status through anthropocentrism affects the humanitarian crisis. In this context, Islam, as a God-centered (theocentric) religion, faces a significant challenge in demonstrating that it has adequate human dimensions and a fundamental role for humans today. The purpose of this article is to look at Alî Sharî’atî’s tawhidic worldview and his critique of modern humanism. This study is based on a qualitative literature review using a descriptive-analytic method on Alî Sharî’atî’s primary works. This study shows that tawhid is the core teaching of Islam, which is the basis for responding to humanitarian crises. In the monotheistic worldview, humans only fear one authority and only feel responsible to one judge. On that basis, monotheism bestows freedom and nobility in humans. From this view, Sharî’atî sees that the absence of God (metaphysical) on philosophical grounds has given rise to inevitable contradictions in modern humanism, both Western liberalism, marxism, and existentialism.

Keywords

alî sharî’atî; critic; modern humanism; tawhid

Full Text:

PDF

References

References

Ahmed, Y. A. M., & Subhani, Z. H. 2019. The Methodology of Ali Shari’ati: A Comparison with Durkheim’s and Weber’s Sociology of Religion. IIUM Journal of Human Sciences, 1(2):30-42. https://journals.iium.edu.my/irkh/index.php/ijohs/article/view/73.

Akhavi, S. 1995. Shariati, Ali. In J. L. Esposito (Ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedy of The Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

al-Faruqi, I. R. 1988. Tauhid. Bandung: Penerbit Pustaka.

Algar, H. 1980. Preface. In Marxism and Other Western Fallacies: An Islamic Critique. Bandung: Mizan Press.

Anderson, K. 2014. Mind Over Matter? On Decentring the Human in Human Geography. Cultural Geographies, 21(1):3-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474013513409.

Arrasyid, A. 2020. Tasawuf dan Problematika Modernitas: Menimbang Maqamat dan Ahwal Abu Nashr as-Sarraj. Jurnal Fuaduna : Jurnal Kajian Keagamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan, 4(1):70-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30983/fuaduna.v4i1.2662.

Braidotti, R. 2019. A Theoretical Framework for the Critical Posthumanities. Theory, Culture & Society, 36(6):31-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276418771486.

Cahyanto, F. 2020. Filsafat Manusia Ali Syari’ati: Kesadaran dan Kebebasan Mausia di Era Revolusi Teknologi 4.0. Academic Journal of Islamic Principles and Philosophy, 1(1):41-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/ajipp.v1i1.2413.

Capra, F. 1997. Titik Balik Peradaban: Sains, Masyarakat dan Kebangkitan Kebudayaan. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Bentang Budaya.

Copson, A. 2015. What Is Humanism? In The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism. UK: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118793305.ch1.

Durkin, K. 2022. Adventures in the aAnti-humanist Dialectic: Towards the Reappropriation of Humanism. European Journal of Social Theory, 25(2): 292-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431021991775.

Engelke, M. 2014. Christianity and the Anthropology of Secular Humanism. Current Anthropology, 55(10):292-301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/677738.

Ezzuddin, R. A.-S. 2022. Towards Building a Monotheistic Humanism in the Context of the World of Modern Philosophy. Al-Daleel, 5(3):134-157.

Faizal, L., Qohar, A., & Wahid, A. A. 2022. Telaah Pemikiran Ali Syari’ati tentang Pemerintahan Islam Kontemporer. Jurnal Tapis: Teropong Aspirasi Politik Islam, 18(1): 27-42. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/tps.v18i1.12222.

Fauhatun, F. 2020. Islam dan Filsafat Perenial: Respon Seyyed Hossein Nasr terhadap Nestapa Manusia Modern. Jurnal Fuaduna: Jurnal Kajian Keagamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan, 4(1):54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30983/fuaduna.v4i1.2728.

Grendler, P. F. 2006. Humanism: Ancient Learning, Criticism, Schools and Universities. In A. Mazzocco (Ed.). Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism. Leiden: Brill.

Haines, C. P., & Grattan, S. 2017. Life After the Subject. Cultural Critique, 96:1-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5749/culturalcritique.96.2017.0001.

Ihsan, N. H., Sa’ari, C. Z. B., & Hidayat, M. S. 2022. Abdurrauf al-Singkili’s Concept of Insan Kamil in Facing The Crisis of Modern Human Morality. Islam Realitas: Journal of Islamic and Social Studies, 8(1):22-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30983/islam_realitas.v8i1.5487.

Khanlarzadeh, M. 2020. Theology of Revolution: In Ali Shari’ati and Walter Benjamin’s Political Thought. Religions, 11(10):504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11100504.

Kholil, A. 2013. Spiritualitas Khidir: Moralitas Islam Dalam Tindakan Sosial. Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi Islam, 13(2):153-172. https://doi.org/10.18860/ua.v0i0.2373.

Kounsar, A. 2016. The Concept of Tawhid in Islam: An Overview of the Perspectives of Some Prominent Muslim Scholars. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 06(02):95-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.62.06.

Kurzman, C. 1995. Historiography of the Iranian Revolutionary Movement, 1977-79. Iranian Studies, 28(1-2):25-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00210869508701828.

Machlis, E. 2014. ’Alî Sharî’atî and the Notion of Tawhî{d: Re-exploring the Question of God’s Unity. Die Welt Des Islams, 54(2):183-211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-00542p03.

Mailloux, S. 2012. Humanist Controversies: The Rhetorical Humanism of Ernesto Grassi and Michel Leff. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 45(2): 134-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5325/philrhet.45.2.0134.

Manne, K. 2016. Humanism: A Critique. Social Theory and Practice, 42(2): 389-415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract201642221.

Mcllroy, W. 2004. Foundation of Modern Humanism. UK: Sheffield Humanist Society.

Negru, T. 2009. The Modernist Project of Post-Humanism. Cultura International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology, 6(1):78-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/cultura20096120.

Nugroho, A., Warsito, T., & Surwandono. 2017. Ali Shari’ati’s Revolutionary Islamic Thought and Its Relevance to The Contemporary Socio-Political Transformation. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 7(2): 251-276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v7i2.251-276.

Pedersen, E. O. 2015. Religion is the Opium of the People: An Investigation into the Intellectual Context of Marx’s Critique of Religion. History of Political Thought, 36(2):354-387. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26228603.

Petrovskaya, O. 2023. Farewell to Humanism? Considerations for Nursing Philosophy and Research in Posthuman Times. Nursing Philosophy, 24(3): 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nup.12448.

Pribadi, D. T. A. 2023. Religious Socialism: The Cross-Pollination of Islamic Spirituality and Western Socialism in “Liberation Theology” of Dr. Ali Shari’ati’s Thought. Al-Risalah: Jurnal Studi Agama dan Pemikiran Islam, 14(1):194-225. DOI: ttps://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.34005/alrisalah.v14i1.2432.

Ramadhan, M. 2011. Teologi Kemanusiaan Studi Atas Pemikiran Ali Syariati. Jurnal Theologia, 22(2): 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21580/teo.2011.22.2.609.

Shariati, A. 1980a. Marxism and Other Western Fallacies: An Islamic Critique. Bandung: Mizan Press.

Shariati, A. 1980b. On the Sociology of Islam. Bandung: Mizan Press.

Shariati, A. 1996. Tugas Cendekiawan Muslim (Man and Islam). Depok: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.

Tobia, K. P. 2015. Philosophical Method and Institutions as Assumptions. Metaphilosophy, 46(4/5):575-594. DOI: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26602329.

Tobroni, F. 2016. Pemikiran Ali Syari’ati dalam Sosiologi: Dari Teologi Menuju Revolusi. Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif, 10(1):241-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/jsr.v10i1.1144.

Viktorahadi, B. 2018. Kritik Jürgen Habermas Terhadap Peran Dan Fungsi Agama Dalam Masyarakat Modern. Jurnal Theologia, 28(2):273-298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21580/teo.2017.28.2.1879.

Wahyudi, Y. 1998. Ali Shariʿati and Bint Al-Shāṭiʾ on Free Will: A Comparison. Source: Journal of Islamic Studies, 9(1):35-45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26198312?seq=1&cid=pdf-

Wahyudin, W., Maimun, A., & Jalil, M. 2019. Islamic Humanism in Indonesia’s Context: Discourse Analysis of Nationality Problems in Indonesia. Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi Islam, 20(2):302-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/ua.v20i2.6772.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/ua.v24i2.23522