Disclosure of COSO Framework, Firm Size, Institutional Ownership, Profitability, and Leverage in Property Companies on JII70

Zuraidah Zuraidah, Eranikan Rahma Puwandani, Nerisha Putri Ramadhany, Nawirah Nawirah

Abstract


This research aims to examine the disclosure of the COSO ERM-Framework in Property Sector Companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index 70 (JII70) and empirically demonstrate the influence of firm size, institutional ownership, profitability, and leverage on ERM data of Property Sector Companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index 70. The study adopts a quantitative method, utilizing secondary data obtained from the Jakarta Islamic Index 70 website. The sample consists of 9 property sector companies. Data collection is conducted through time series data from 2018 to 2022, while data analysis employs linear regression. This research can serve as a reference for each company to be more cautious in implementing policies, and it is expected that management will intensify and implement ERM in their respective businesses to facilitate better risk management for property sector companies in JII70. The difference between this research and previous studies lies in the variables and companies under examination. Previous research tends to focus on manufacturing or non-financial companies as subjects, whereas this study selects Property Sector Companies listed on JII70 as its subject. Because the property sector company is a business sector that dominates the sub-sectors in JII70. The findings of this research indicate that, partially, firm size, institutional ownership, profitability, and leverage do not have a significant effect on the COSO ERM-Framework. However, based on the research results, it is evident that firm size, institutional ownership, profitability, and leverage collectively have an impact on the COSO ERM-Framework.

Keywords


Firm Size; Institutional Ownership; Profitability; Leverage; COSO ERM-Framework

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References


Abdullah, M., Gulzar, S., Chaudhary, A., Tabash, M. I., Rashid, U., Naaz, I., & Ali, A. (2023). Dynamics of speed of leverage adjustment and financial distress in the Indian steel industry. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100152

Ahmed, A. M., Sharif, N. A., Ali, M. N., & Hágen, I. (2023). Effect of Firm Size on the Association between Capital Structure and Profitability. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(14), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411196

Ardian, H., & Rahardja, S. (2013). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kebijakan Pengungkapan Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 2(2), 1–13. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting/article/view/3307

Arhinful, R., & Radmehr, M. (2023). The Impact of Financial Leverage on the Financial Performance of the Firms Listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Sage Open, 13(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231204099

Aritopan, M., Hermuningsih, S., & Hidayat, R. (2024). The Influence Of Institutional Ownership And Profitability On Company Value With Dividend Policy As A Moderating Variable. Ekombis Review Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 12(4), 3751–3758. https://doi.org/10.37676/ekombis.v12i4.6394

Bao Dinh, N., & Tran, V. N. H. (2024). Institutional Ownership and Stock Liquidity: Evidence From an Emerging Market. Sage Open, 14(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241239116

Damayanti, A. I., & Venusita, L. (2022). Pengaruh Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Jurnal Akuntansi AKUNESA, 10(3), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.26740/akunesa.v10n3.p43-54

Daromes, F. E., Jao, R., Lukman, L., & Wiasal, R. (2022). An Investigation of How Firm Size Affects Firm Value through Corporate Reputation. AKRUAL: Jurnal Akuntansi, 13(2), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.26740/jaj.v13n2.p187-200

Darsani, P. A., & Sukartha, I. M. (2021). The Effect of Institutional Ownership, Profitability, Leverage and Capital Intensity Ratio on Tax Avoidance. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), 5(1), 13–22. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Effect-of-Institutional-Ownership%2C-Leverage-and-Darsani-Sukartha/638ecf4bac3ab49e725363b231f68089a10e394f

Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review. The Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.2307/258191

Fayola, D. N. W. B., & Nurbaiti, A. (2020). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Konsentrasi Kepemilikan, Reputasi Auditor dan Risk Management Committee terhadap Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 5(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.23887/jia.v5i1.23090

Haryanti, N. A., & Hardiyanti, W. (2022). Pengaruh Komisaris Independen, Leverage, Profitabilitas, dan Risk Management Committee (RMC) terhadap Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 4(3), 1466–1485. https://doi.org/10.32670/fairvalue.v4iSpesial Issue 3.839

Hasina, G., Nazar, M. R., & Budiono, E. (2018). Pengaruh Ukuran Dewan Komisaris, Leverage dan Ukuran Perusahaan terhadap Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management ( Studi Pada Sektor Perbankan yang Listing di Bursa Efek Indonesia ( BEI ) tahun 2012 – 2016). E-Proceeding of Management, 5(2), 2402–2409.

Hermuningsih, S., Kusuma, H., Erawati, T., & Rahmawati, A. D. (2022). Fundamental Aspects of Leverage, Profitability and Financial Distress as Mediating Variables That Influence Firm Value. Jurnal Akuntansi & Auditing Indonesia, 26(2), 130–144. https://doi.org/10.20885/jaai.vol26.iss2.art3

Hidayah, N. S., Pradesa, H. A., Taufik, N. I., Purba, C. O., & Agustina, I. (2025). Penerapan Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Berdasarkan COSO-Framework Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Indonesia. Ekonomi, Keuangan, Investasi Dan Syariah (EKUITAS), 6(3), 463–476. https://doi.org/10.47065/ekuitas.v6i3.6876

Jain, A., Manchiraju, H., & Sunder, S. V. (2022). Institutional Ownership And The Informativeness of Disclosure Tone. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 50(1–2), 61–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12640

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs And Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X

Khasanahwati, D., & Suwarno. (2023). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Publik , Ukuran Perusahaan , Profitabilitas dan Umur Perusahaan Terhadap Pengungkapan. Jurnal Mirai Management, 8(1), 286–293. https://doi.org/10.37531/mirai.v8i1.4195

Khoerunnisa, K., & Jayanih, A. (2024). The Role of Corporate Governance in Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Disclosure. American Journal of Economic and Management Business (AJEMB), 3(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.58631/ajemb.v3i5.84

Lariwu, S. V., Saerang, I. S., & Maramis, J. B. (2020). The Effect of Dispersion of Ownership, Institutional Ownership, and Free Cash Flow on Dividend Policy in Manufacturing Companies On The Indonesia Stock Exchange for The Period 2014-2018. Jurnal EMBA, 8(4), 1142–1151. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v9i3.35324

Mabrur, M. R., & Raharja, S. (2021). Pengaruh Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management dan Pengungkapan Intellectual Capital Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan-perusahaan Pertambangan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia pada Periode Tahun 2015-2018). Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 10(4), 1–15. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting/article/view/33039

Mahendra, Y., & Daljono, D. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Terhadap Harga Saham Dengan Menggunakan Metode Altman Z-Score (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan LQ45 yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2019-2021). Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 12(4), 1–14. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting/article/view/41647

Marliyana, N., Pramono, H., Wahyuni, S., & Santoso, S. (2024). Firm Size as a Moderating Variable of the Effect of Liquidity and Profitability on Firm Value. Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (FJMR), 3(4), 1329–1340. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjmr.v3i4.8910

Marpaung, F. M. H. (2019). Impact Of Oportunistic Managerial Behavior and Corporate Governance On Dividend Policy (Case Study at PT. Krakatau Steel, Tbk.). Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Dan Teknologi (IPTEK), 3(1), 182–186. https://doi.org/10.31543/jii.v3i1.143

Oktavia, R. A., & Isbanah, Y. (2019). Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management Pada Bank Konvensional Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Universitas Negeri Surabaya, 7(4), 963.

Paqih Fauzan, C., Purbawati, D., & Saryadi, S. (2024). Pengaruh Return On Equity Debt to Equity Ratio, dan Dividen Payout Ratio Terhadap Harga Saham Pada Perusahaan Properti & Real Estate Tahun 2018-2022. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Bisnis, 13(4), 996–1007. https://share.google/YmDraMmDL19EHu889

Qotimah, K., Kalangi, L., & Korompis, C. W. M. (2023). The Effect of Fundamental Analysis on Investment Return in Second Liner Share in The Energy Sector for The 2019-2022 Period Listed on The Indonesia Stock Exchange. Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 11(3), 12–26. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v11i3.48797

Rahayu, S. M., Nuzula, N. F., & Wulandari, A. M. (2022). The Role of Firm Size , Leverage , Ownership Structure , and Corporate Governance on Intellectual Capital Disclosure. Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies, 5(08), 2468–2476. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v5-i8-41

Rini, K. P., & Zakiyah, T. (2020). Anteseden dari Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management pada Perusahaan yang Terdaftar di Indeks LQ45. Jurnal BAABU AL-ILMI: Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah, 5(1), 90–103. https://doi.org/10.29300/ba.v5i1.3121

Ross, S. A. (1977). The Determination of Financial Structure: The Incentive-Signalling Approach. The Bell Journal of Economics, 8(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/3003485

Rujiin, C., & Sukirman, S. (2020). The Effect of Firm Size, Leverage, Profitability, Ownership Structure, and Firm Age on Enterprise Risk Management Disclosures. Accounting Analysis Journal, 9(2), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.15294/aaj.v9i2.33025

Rukmana Sari, I., Ar-rasyid Nasution, I., Wijaya, S., & Meilisa, M. (2021). Pengaruh Tingkat Leverage, Profitabilitas dan Ukuran Perusahaan Publik Terhadap Pengungkapan Manajemen Risiko Pada Perusahaan Non Keuangan Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2014-2017. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains, 2(2), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.36418/jiss.v2i2.207

Sarwono, A. A., Hapsari, D. W., & Nurbaiti, A. (2018). The Influence Factors of Profitability, Leverage, And Firm Size to Risk Management Disclosure. E-Proceeding of Management, 5(1), 769–777. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/299921796.pdf

Spence, M. (1973). Job Market Signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355–374. https://doi.org/10.2307/1882010

Wafiyudin, M., Pratama, B. C., Fitriani, A., & Rachmawati, E. (2020). The Effect of Institutional Ownership, Intellectual Capital, and Company Size Towards Company Value. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR), 4(3), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v4i03.1195

Wicaksono, S. A., & Adiwibowo, A. S. (2017). Analisis Determinan Pengungkapan Risiko (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Perbankan Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2013-2015). Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 6(4), 1–14. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting/article/view/18204

Winata, W., Hastuti, S., & Suryaningsum, S. (2025). Financial Distress, Institutional Ownership, and Earnings Management: Evidence from the Energy Sector. Journal of International Conference Proceedings (JICP), 7(4), 793–805. https://doi.org/10.32535/jicp.v7i4.3559

Abdullah, M., Gulzar, S., Chaudhary, A., Tabash, M. I., Rashid, U., Naaz, I., & Ali, A. (2023). Dynamics of speed of leverage adjustment and financial distress in the Indian steel industry. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100152

Ahmed, A. M., Sharif, N. A., Ali, M. N., & Hágen, I. (2023). Effect of Firm Size on the Association between Capital Structure and Profitability. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(14), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411196

Ardian, H., & Rahardja, S. (2013). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kebijakan Pengungkapan Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 2(2), 1–13. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting/article/view/3307

Arhinful, R., & Radmehr, M. (2023). The Impact of Financial Leverage on the Financial Performance of the Firms Listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Sage Open, 13(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231204099

Aritopan, M., Hermuningsih, S., & Hidayat, R. (2024). The Influence Of Institutional Ownership And Profitability On Company Value With Dividend Policy As A Moderating Variable. Ekombis Review Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 12(4), 3751–3758. https://doi.org/10.37676/ekombis.v12i4.6394

Bao Dinh, N., & Tran, V. N. H. (2024). Institutional Ownership and Stock Liquidity: Evidence From an Emerging Market. Sage Open, 14(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241239116

Damayanti, A. I., & Venusita, L. (2022). Pengaruh Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Jurnal Akuntansi AKUNESA, 10(3), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.26740/akunesa.v10n3.p43-54

Daromes, F. E., Jao, R., Lukman, L., & Wiasal, R. (2022). An Investigation of How Firm Size Affects Firm Value through Corporate Reputation. AKRUAL: Jurnal Akuntansi, 13(2), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.26740/jaj.v13n2.p187-200

Darsani, P. A., & Sukartha, I. M. (2021). The Effect of Institutional Ownership, Profitability, Leverage and Capital Intensity Ratio on Tax Avoidance. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), 5(1), 13–22. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Effect-of-Institutional-Ownership%2C-Leverage-and-Darsani-Sukartha/638ecf4bac3ab49e725363b231f68089a10e394f

Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review. The Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.2307/258191

Fayola, D. N. W. B., & Nurbaiti, A. (2020). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Konsentrasi Kepemilikan, Reputasi Auditor dan Risk Management Committee terhadap Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 5(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.23887/jia.v5i1.23090

Haryanti, N. A., & Hardiyanti, W. (2022). Pengaruh Komisaris Independen, Leverage, Profitabilitas, dan Risk Management Committee (RMC) terhadap Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 4(3), 1466–1485. https://doi.org/10.32670/fairvalue.v4iSpesial Issue 3.839

Hasina, G., Nazar, M. R., & Budiono, E. (2018). Pengaruh Ukuran Dewan Komisaris, Leverage dan Ukuran Perusahaan terhadap Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management ( Studi Pada Sektor Perbankan yang Listing di Bursa Efek Indonesia ( BEI ) tahun 2012 – 2016). E-Proceeding of Management, 5(2), 2402–2409.

Hermuningsih, S., Kusuma, H., Erawati, T., & Rahmawati, A. D. (2022). Fundamental Aspects of Leverage, Profitability and Financial Distress as Mediating Variables That Influence Firm Value. Jurnal Akuntansi & Auditing Indonesia, 26(2), 130–144. https://doi.org/10.20885/jaai.vol26.iss2.art3

Hidayah, N. S., Pradesa, H. A., Taufik, N. I., Purba, C. O., & Agustina, I. (2025). Penerapan Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Berdasarkan COSO-Framework Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Indonesia. Ekonomi, Keuangan, Investasi Dan Syariah (EKUITAS), 6(3), 463–476. https://doi.org/10.47065/ekuitas.v6i3.6876

Jain, A., Manchiraju, H., & Sunder, S. V. (2022). Institutional Ownership And The Informativeness of Disclosure Tone. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 50(1–2), 61–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12640

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs And Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X

Khasanahwati, D., & Suwarno. (2023). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Publik , Ukuran Perusahaan , Profitabilitas dan Umur Perusahaan Terhadap Pengungkapan. Jurnal Mirai Management, 8(1), 286–293. https://doi.org/10.37531/mirai.v8i1.4195

Khoerunnisa, K., & Jayanih, A. (2024). The Role of Corporate Governance in Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Disclosure. American Journal of Economic and Management Business (AJEMB), 3(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.58631/ajemb.v3i5.84

Lariwu, S. V., Saerang, I. S., & Maramis, J. B. (2020). The Effect of Dispersion of Ownership, Institutional Ownership, and Free Cash Flow on Dividend Policy in Manufacturing Companies On The Indonesia Stock Exchange for The Period 2014-2018. Jurnal EMBA, 8(4), 1142–1151. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v9i3.35324

Mabrur, M. R., & Raharja, S. (2021). Pengaruh Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management dan Pengungkapan Intellectual Capital Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan-perusahaan Pertambangan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia pada Periode Tahun 2015-2018). Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 10(4), 1–15. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting/article/view/33039

Mahendra, Y., & Daljono, D. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Terhadap Harga Saham Dengan Menggunakan Metode Altman Z-Score (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan LQ45 yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2019-2021). Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 12(4), 1–14. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting/article/view/41647

Marliyana, N., Pramono, H., Wahyuni, S., & Santoso, S. (2024). Firm Size as a Moderating Variable of the Effect of Liquidity and Profitability on Firm Value. Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (FJMR), 3(4), 1329–1340. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjmr.v3i4.8910

Marpaung, F. M. H. (2019). Impact Of Oportunistic Managerial Behavior and Corporate Governance On Dividend Policy (Case Study at PT. Krakatau Steel, Tbk.). Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Dan Teknologi (IPTEK), 3(1), 182–186. https://doi.org/10.31543/jii.v3i1.143

Oktavia, R. A., & Isbanah, Y. (2019). Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management Pada Bank Konvensional Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Universitas Negeri Surabaya, 7(4), 963.

Paqih Fauzan, C., Purbawati, D., & Saryadi, S. (2024). Pengaruh Return On Equity Debt to Equity Ratio, dan Dividen Payout Ratio Terhadap Harga Saham Pada Perusahaan Properti & Real Estate Tahun 2018-2022. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Bisnis, 13(4), 996–1007. https://share.google/YmDraMmDL19EHu889

Qotimah, K., Kalangi, L., & Korompis, C. W. M. (2023). The Effect of Fundamental Analysis on Investment Return in Second Liner Share in The Energy Sector for The 2019-2022 Period Listed on The Indonesia Stock Exchange. Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 11(3), 12–26. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v11i3.48797

Rahayu, S. M., Nuzula, N. F., & Wulandari, A. M. (2022). The Role of Firm Size , Leverage , Ownership Structure , and Corporate Governance on Intellectual Capital Disclosure. Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies, 5(08), 2468–2476. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v5-i8-41

Rini, K. P., & Zakiyah, T. (2020). Anteseden dari Pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management pada Perusahaan yang Terdaftar di Indeks LQ45. Jurnal BAABU AL-ILMI: Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah, 5(1), 90–103. https://doi.org/10.29300/ba.v5i1.3121

Ross, S. A. (1977). The Determination of Financial Structure: The Incentive-Signalling Approach. The Bell Journal of Economics, 8(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/3003485

Rujiin, C., & Sukirman, S. (2020). The Effect of Firm Size, Leverage, Profitability, Ownership Structure, and Firm Age on Enterprise Risk Management Disclosures. Accounting Analysis Journal, 9(2), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.15294/aaj.v9i2.33025

Rukmana Sari, I., Ar-rasyid Nasution, I., Wijaya, S., & Meilisa, M. (2021). Pengaruh Tingkat Leverage, Profitabilitas dan Ukuran Perusahaan Publik Terhadap Pengungkapan Manajemen Risiko Pada Perusahaan Non Keuangan Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2014-2017. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains, 2(2), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.36418/jiss.v2i2.207

Sarwono, A. A., Hapsari, D. W., & Nurbaiti, A. (2018). The Influence Factors of Profitability, Leverage, And Firm Size to Risk Management Disclosure. E-Proceeding of Management, 5(1), 769–777. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/299921796.pdf

Spence, M. (1973). Job Market Signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355–374. https://doi.org/10.2307/1882010

Wafiyudin, M., Pratama, B. C., Fitriani, A., & Rachmawati, E. (2020). The Effect of Institutional Ownership, Intellectual Capital, and Company Size Towards Company Value. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR), 4(3), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v4i03.1195

Wicaksono, S. A., & Adiwibowo, A. S. (2017). Analisis Determinan Pengungkapan Risiko (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Perbankan Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2013-2015). Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 6(4), 1–14. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting/article/view/18204

Winata, W., Hastuti, S., & Suryaningsum, S. (2025). Financial Distress, Institutional Ownership, and Earnings Management: Evidence from the Energy Sector. Journal of International Conference Proceedings (JICP), 7(4), 793–805. https://doi.org/10.32535/jicp.v7i4.3559

Witjaksono, A., & Nurhidayati; Nurhidayati. (2019). Penelaahan ERM Diclosures Perusahaan Property dan Real Estate Yang Go Public Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Online Insan Akuntan, 4(1), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.51211/joia.v4i1.1127




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/iq.v21i2.23936



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