Expressed Emotion, Alcohol Use Disorder Tendency and The Moderating Role of Congruence Among Unemployed Young Adult Males

Arianne Espiritu Autriz, Joshua Querido Cadayona, Jemerson Dominguez, Joelan Mercano

Abstract


Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is an emerging concern in the Philippines as its numbers continue to increase, hence, identifying risk factors of AUD is a necessity. Throughout the years, the contributing factor of the familial environment in the form of expressed emotion (EE) was associated with relapse of various psychological disorders including AUD. However, a scarcity of local literature investigating the aforementioned variable is evident. This study was conducted to elucidate the relationship of expressed emotion, congruence, and the risk of having AUD, and the moderating role of congruence among unemployed young adult males. This research utilized a cross-sectional, explanatory research design (n = 52) in which the relationship of the variables was analyzed through partial correlation and moderation analysis. Following data analysis, EE has a weak positive relationship with AUD tendency. It was also ascertained that congruence and EE have a moderate inverse relationship. However, no significant relationship was found between AUD tendency and congruence. Furthermore, it was revealed that congruence does not moderate the strength and degree of the relationship between EE and AUD tendency. Low-risk alcohol consumption must be maintained, and congruence must be sustained to regulate EE at a minimal level. Their families are encouraged to persist in their positive relationships with them, as these would likely boost their self-acceptance and contain the risk of developing AUD. Regulating the drinking habits is recommended as the family’s negative interactions towards the person would be least likely to occur.

Keywords: expressed emotion; alcohol use disorder tendency; congruence

Keywords


expressed emotion; alcohol use disorder tendency; congruence

Full Text:

PDF

References


Al Ubaidi, B. A. (2018). Expressed emotion as a participant of depression relapse. Journal of Community and Preventive Medicine, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.33309/2638-7719.010208

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders. Fifth-Text Revised). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.

Anacker, A. M. J., & Ryabinin, A. E. (2010). Biological contribution to social influences on alcohol drinking: Evidence from animal models. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(2), 473–493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7020473

Babor, T., Higgins-Biddle, J. C., Saunders, J. B., & Monteiro, M. G. (2001). The alcohol use disorders identification test: Guidelines for use in primary care. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:The+Alcohol+Use+Disorders+Identification+Test:+Guidelines+for+Use+in+Primary+Care#9

Barlow, D. H., & Durand, V. M. (2017). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach: an integrative approach. Stamford, CT: Cengage Publisher. https://thuvienso.hoasen.edu.vn/handle/123456789/9823%0Ahttp://books.google.com/books?id=yITxaqlS_yMC&pgis=1

Barr, T., Helms, C., Grant, K., & Messaoudi, I. (2016). Opposing effects of alcohol on the immune system. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 65, 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.09.001

Botes, J., & Schenck, R. (2015). “If a person uses Alcohol the real you comes out”: Exploring the self, sexual experiences and substance abuse. Social Work (South Africa), 51(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.15270/51-1-430

Brown, G. W., Birley, J. L., & Wing, J. K. (1972). Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: a replication. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 121(562), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.121.3.241

Cohen, J., Tracy, S., Rodriguez, F., & Bowers, R. (2020). Therapeutic change factors in alcoholics anonymous. The Person Centered Journal, Vol.25(Issue 2).

Cole, J. D., & Kazarian, S. S. (1988). The level of expressed emotion scale: A new measure of expressed emotion. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(3), 392–397. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198805)44:3<392::AID-JCLP2270440313>3.0.CO;2-3

Collins, S. E. (2016). Associations between socioeconomic factors and alcohol outcomes. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 38(1), 83–94.

Crisostomo, S. (2021). 40% of pinoys drink, 15% smoke – DOH survey. Inquirer.net. https://www.philstar.com/nation/2021/08/18/2120717/40-pinoys-drink-15-smoke-doh-survey#:~:text=MANILA%2C Philippines — Around 40.1 percent,the survey%2C done in January.

Domingo, R. W. (2023). Jobless rate rose to 4.8% in January 2023 | Inquirer Business. https://business.inquirer.net/390130/jobless-rate-rose-to-4-8-in-january-2023

ENDS, E. J., & PAGE, C. W. (1957). A study of three types of group psychotherapy with hospitalized male inebriates. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 18(2), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.15288/qjsa.1957.18.263

Fahrer, J., Brill, N., Dobener, L. M., Asbrand, J., & Christiansen, H. (2022). Expressed emotion in the family: A meta-analytic review of expressed emotion as a mechanism of the transgenerational transmission of mental disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry (Vol. 12). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721796

Feist, J., Feist, G. J., & Tomi-Ann, R. (2018). Theories Of Personality (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Foran, H. M., & O’Leary, K. D. (2008). Alcohol and intimate partner violence: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(7), 1222–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.05.001

Geiser, C. (2021). What could be the possible reason for non-significant moderation? https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_could_be_the_possible_reason_for_non-significant_moderation/61b68be58bfb96066427fa0a/citation/download

Gerlsma, C., Van der Lubbe, P. M., & Van Nieuwenhuizen, C. (1992). Factor analysis of the level of expressed emotion scale, a questionnaire intended to measure “perceived expressed emotion.” British Journal of Psychiatry, 160(MAR.), 385–389. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.160.3.385

Goyala, J. E. P. (2019). Traditional Filipino family values that make us distinct among others. Medium. https://medium.com/@janeellapangoyala/traditional-filipino-family-values-that-make-us-distinct-among-others-7a439fdfd28a

Grossman, E. R., Benjamin-Neelon, S. E., & Sonnenschein, S. (2020). Alcohol consumption during the covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey of us adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249189

Hale, W. W., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., Gerlsma, C., & Meeus, W. (2007). Does the level of expressed emotion (LEE) questionnaire have the same factor structure for adolescents as it has for adults? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(3), 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0145-0

Hoyt, W. T., Imel, Z. E., & Chan, F. (2008). Multiple regression and correlation techniques: Recent controversies and best practices. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(3), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013021

Hull, J. G. (1981). A self-awareness model of the causes and effects of alcohol consumption. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90(6), 586–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.90.6.586

Hung, C. C., Yen, L. L., & Wu, W. C. (2009). Association of parents’ alcohol use and family interaction with the initiation of alcohol use by sixth graders: A preliminary study in Taiwan. BMC Public Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-172

Ilma, V. A., & Muslimin, Z. I. (2020). Self-acceptance from aqidah and gender perspectives. Annual International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200728.044

Indeed Editorial Team. (2022). How unemployment affects individuals and the economy. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/effects-unemployment

International, M. (2021). Philippines: New survey data illustrate alcohol harm, but alcohol taxation provides solution - Movendi International. https://movendi.ngo/news/2021/08/26/philippines-new-survey-data-illustrate-alcohol-harm-but-alcohol-taxation-provides-solution/

Javier, J. R., Galura, K., Aliganga, F. A. P., Supan, J., & Palinkas, L. A. (2018). Voices of the Filipino community describing the importance of family in understanding adolescent behavioral health needs. Family and Community Health, 41(1), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000173

Jhangiani, R., Tarry, H., Hammond Tarry, B., & Victoria, B. C. (2022). Principles of social psychology-1st international H5P edition under a CC BY 4.0 licence (pp. 327–330). https://opentextbc.ca/socialpsychology/chapter/obedience-power-and-leadership/

Jin, J. (2016). Dietary guidelines for Americans. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association (9th ed., Vol. 315, Issue 5, p. 528). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.0077

Johnson, B. (2001). Toward a new classification of nonexperimental quantitative research. Educational Researcher, 30(2), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X030002003

Keyes, K. M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2012). Stress and alcohol epidemiologic evidence. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 34(4), 391–400.

Kolden, G. G., Wang, C. C., Austin, S. B., Chang, Y., & Klein, M. H. (2018). Congruence/genuineness: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000162

Koob, G. F. (2011). Theoretical frameworks and mechanistic aspects of alcohol addiction: Alcohol addiction as a reward deficit disorder (pp. 3–30). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28720-6_129

Krug, G., Drasch, K., & Jungbauer-Gans, M. (2019). The social stigma of unemployment: consequences of stigma consciousness on job search attitudes, behaviour and success. Journal for Labour Market Research, 53(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-019-0261-4

Martinez, A. B., Co, M., Lau, J., & Brown, J. S. L. (2020). Filipino help-seeking for mental health problems and associated barriers and facilitators: A systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(11), 1397–1413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01937-2

Mathieu, J. E., & Taylor, S. R. (2006). Clarifying conditions and decision points for mediational type inferences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(8), 1031–1056. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.406

Mcleod, S. (2024). Carl Rogers theory & contribution to psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html#Self-Actualization

Mejia, A. (2018). Why we drink beer. https://www.rappler.com/brandrap/lifestyle-and-entertainment/196460-why-drink-beer/

Ng, S. M., Fung, M. H. Y., & Gao, S. (2020). High level of expressed emotions in the family of people with schizophrenia: Has a covert abrasive behaviours component been overlooked? Heliyon, 6(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05441

Olson, D. H., Russell, C. S., & Sprenkle, D. H. (1983). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: Vl Theoretical Update. Family Process, 22(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1983.00069.x

Papalia, D., & Martorell, G. (2021). Experience human development (14th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.

Popovici, I., & French, M. T. (2013). Does unemployment lead to greater alcohol consumption? Industrial Relations, 52(2), 444–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/irel.12019

Prentice, H. (2018). Alcohol abuse and mental health disorders in united states veterans. Nursing Capstones, 36. https://commons.und.edu/nurs-capstones/36

Rath, N., & Mohapatra, S. (2021). Expressed emotion in psychiatric disorders. Eastern Journal of Psychiatry, 16(1–2), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.5005/ejp-16-1--2-17

Rogers, C. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships: As developed in the client-centered framework.

Rudy, K. (2016). Understanding bootstrapping and the central limit theorem. https://blog.minitab.com/en/the-statistics-game/understanding-bootstrapping-and-the-central-limit-theorem#:~:text=The distribution of the means,the resamples is approximately normal

Sherer, M., & Rogers, R. W. (1980). Effects of therapist’s nonverbal communication on rated skill and effectiveness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36(3), 696–700. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198007)36:3<696::AID-JCLP2270360315>3.0.CO;2-9

Sontate, K. V., Rahim Kamaluddin, M., Naina Mohamed, I., Mohamed, R. M. P., Shaikh, M. F., Kamal, H., & Kumar, J. (2021). Alcohol, aggression, and violence: From public health to neuroscience. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699726

Statista. (2016). Prevalence of alcoholism across the Philippines in 2016, by gender and type. https://www.statista.com/statistics/949868/philippines-alcoholism-prevalence-by-gender-and-type/

Truax, C. B., & et al. (1966). Therapist empathy, genuineness, and warmth and patient therapeutic outcome. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 30(5), 395–401. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023827

Tuliao, A. P., Landoy, B. V. N., & McChargue, D. E. (2016). Factor structure and invariance test of the alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT): Comparison and further validation in a U.S. and Philippines college student sample. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2), 127–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2015.1011731

Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S. (2008). The authentic personality: A theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the authenticity scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/psikoislamika.v21i1.26610

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Indexing By:

    

 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PSIKOISLAMIKA: Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam by http://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/psiko is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.